Cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agents that target chromosome stabilization-associated genes

ABSTRACT

The present inventors discovered that inhibition of the expression of various genes associated with chromosome stabilization induces cancer cell-specific apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation. Compounds that inhibit expression of a gene associated with chromosome stabilization or inhibit the function of a protein encoded by such a gene are thought to have cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing effects.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agents that target chromosome stabilization-associated genes and methods of screening for the apoptosis-inducing agents.

BACKGROUND ART

Chromosomes are maintained in a stable state within cells by the action of various cellular functions (genes). Examples of typical cellular functions (genes) that contribute to this chromosome stabilization are as follows:

(a) Genes Associated with Human Chromosomal Instability Disorders

Chromosome breakage, deletion, translocation, and aneuploidy are observed in cells from patients with human chromosomal instability disorders, and these cells are also sensitive to DNA damage-inducing drugs. The occurrence of such instabilities indicates that human chromosomal instability disorder-associated genes are involved in chromosome stabilization.

(b) Chromosomal DNA Replication Reaction Including Initiation of Chromosomal DNA Replication and Progression of Replication Fork

The chromosomal DNA replication reaction plays the role of replicating chromosomal DNA during cell proliferation. It has the function of maintaining the number of chromosomes by accurately doubling the chromosomes when a cell divides into two cells.

(c) DNA Damage Checkpoints

DNA damage checkpoints play the role of checking for DNA damage, including breakage, chemical modification, and crosslinking, in chromosomes when the cell cycle advances from each of G1, S, G2, and M phases to the next phase. These checkpoints have the function of removing chromosomal DNA damage before proceeding to the next stage of the cell cycle.

(d) Sister Chromatid Agglutination and Separation

Sister chromatid agglutination and separation play the role of accurately separating, into daughter cells, sister chromatids in somatic cells in which replication has been completed.

(e) Base Excision Repair

Base excision repair plays the role of removing modified bases when a chemical modification damage, including oxidation and methylation, has occurred in bases in chromosomal DNA.

(f) Mismatch Excision Repair

Mismatch excision repair plays the role of recognizing mismatched base pairs other than the correct G-C and A-T base pairs present in chromosomal DNA, and repairing them to the correct base pairs.

(g) Nucleotide Excision Repair

Nucleotide excision repair plays the role of repairing DNA by recognizing and removing DNA damage such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts, which occur in chromosomal DNA due to ultraviolet irradiation, and DNA internal crosslinking, which occurs between adjacent bases in chromosomal DNA due to cisplatin.

(h) Homologous Recombination Repair

Using an undamaged homologous chromosome as a template, homologous recombination repair plays the role of repairing various DNA damage, including breaks and gaps occurring in chromosomal DNA, and DNA damage resulting from incomplete repair by mechanisms such as base excision repair, mismatch excision repair, and nucleotide excision repair.

(i) Non-Homologous End-Joining Repair (Non-Homologous Recombination Repair)

Non-homologous end-joining repair (non-homologous recombination repair) plays the role of repairing double-strand breaks in chromosomal DNA by joining the ends.

(j) Double-Strand DNA Break Repair

Double-strand DNA break repair plays the role of repairing double-strand breaks occurring in chromosomal DNA. This repair mechanism includes homologous recombination repair and non-homologous end-joining repair (non-homologous recombination repair).

(k) DNA Post-Replication Repair (DNA Damage Tolerance)

DNA post-replication repair (DNA damage tolerance) is a mechanism that enables repair of a damaged DNA strand when damaged chromosomal DNA is replicated. Residual DNA damage is repaired following replication by this mechanism.

(l) DNA Crosslink Damage Repair

DNA crosslink damage repair plays the role of repairing DNA crosslink damage within and between chromosomes caused by crosslinking agents such as cisplatin.

(m) DNA-Protein Crosslink Damage Repair

DNA-protein crosslink damage repair plays the role of removing covalently bonded complexes and crosslinked complexes when a covalently bonded enzyme protein-DNA complex, which is a reaction intermediate of DNA repair, has been formed, or a crosslinked complex between a base in chromosomal DNA and a protein has formed.

(n) DNA Polymerase

DNA polymerases play the role of carrying out DNA synthesis reactions in chromosome stabilization mechanisms such as replication, recombination, and repair.

(o) Nuclease

Nucleases play the role of decomposing DNA in chromosome stabilization mechanisms such as replication, recombination, and repair.

(p) Nucleotide Cleansing

Nucleotide cleansing plays the role of removing modified bases when chemical modification damage, including oxidation and methylation, has occurred in a base of a nucleotide serving as the substrate of a DNA synthesis reaction.

(q) Chromatin Structure Maintenance

Chromatin structure maintenance plays a role in chromosome stabilization mechanisms such as replication, recombination, and repair, through maintaining the higher order chromosomal structure.

(r) Telomere Structure Maintenance

Telomere structure maintenance plays an important role in chromosome stabilization via the control of chromosome end telomere length and the formation and maintenance of special higher order structures in telomere regions.

In addition, various genes related to the aforementioned functions have been reported to be involved in chromosome stabilization. For example, various findings have been reported regarding various genes involved in chromosome stabilization (see Non-Patent Documents 1 to 83).

However, the correlation between the aforementioned functions (genes) involved in chromosome stabilization and the induction of cancer-cell specific apoptosis was so far unknown.

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[Non-patent Document 83] Martin-Lluesma, S., Stucke, V. M. and Nigg, E. A. (2002). Role of Hec1 in spindle checkpoint signaling and kinetochore recruitment of Mad1/Mad2. Science., 297, 2267-2270.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

An objective of the present invention is to provide cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agents. More specifically, an objective of the present invention is to provide cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agents having as an active ingredient a compound which inhibits chromosome stabilization, a compound which inhibits expression of a gene involved in chromosome stabilization, or a compound which inhibits a function of a protein encoded by the gene, and methods of screening for the apoptosis-inducing agents. Another objective of the present invention is to provide methods for producing an apoptosis-inducing agent as a pharmaceutical composition.

To achieve the above objectives, the present inventors examined whether apoptosis is induced cancer cell-specifically by abnormalities in various functions relating to chromosome stabilization in cells. The following functions that are deeply involved in chromosome stabilization were selected as cellular chromosome stabilization-associated functions: (a) genes associated with human chromosomal instability disorders, (b) chromosomal DNA replication reaction including initiation of chromosomal DNA replication and progression of replication fork, (c) DNA damage checkpoints, (d) sister chromatid agglutination and separation, (e) base excision repair, (f) mismatch excision repair, (g) nucleotide excision repair, (h) homologous recombination repair, (i) non-homologous end-joining repair (non-homologous recombination repair), (j) double-strand DNA break repair, (k) DNA post-replication repair (DNA damage tolerance), (l) DNA crosslink damage repair, (m) DNA-protein crosslink damage repair, (n) DNA polymerase, (o) nuclease, (p) nucleotide cleansing, (q) chromatin structure maintenance, and (r) telomere structure maintenance.

The present inventors examined the cancer cell apoptosis-inducing effects of various genes involved in each of the aforementioned functions using siRNA having expression inhibitory effects on the genes. As a result, it was found that apoptosis was induced in cancer cells when the expression of a plurality of genes involved in each of the aforementioned functions were inhibited, and that this brought about an inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. The present inventors also discovered that induction of apoptosis does not occur with respect to normal cells (wild-type cells) even if the expression of these genes were inhibited. These genes are considered to be target molecules for preparing highly superior anticancer agents (carcinostatics) having few adverse side effects.

The above results suggested that inhibition of the expression of genes involved in each of the aforementioned functions would be able to induce apoptosis. In addition, these genes are deeply involved in each of the aforementioned functions, and inhibition of the expression of the genes generally prevents the functions from working normally in cells. Thus, the aforementioned findings made by the present inventors indicates none other than the fact that cancer cell-specific apoptosis is induced to due to abnormalities in each of the aforementioned functions. Accordingly, compounds that inhibit the aforementioned functions are considered to have the action of inducing cancer cell-specific apoptosis.

In addition, abnormalities in the aforementioned functions are known to destabilize chromosomes. Thus, chromosome destabilization in cells is considered to trigger induction of cancer cell-specific apoptosis. Namely, compounds that inhibit chromosome stabilization in cells, or compounds that inhibit the function of genes involved in chromosome stabilization, are expected to serve as cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agents.

The present invention provides cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agents having as an active ingredient a compound which inhibits chromosome stabilization, a compound which inhibits expression of a gene involved in chromosome stabilization, or a compound which inhibits the function of a protein encoded by said gene, and methods of screening for said apoptosis-inducing agents. More specifically, the present invention provides the following:

[1] a cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent, comprising a compound that inhibits chromosome stabilization; [2] the apoptosis-inducing agent of [1], wherein inhibition of chromosome stabilization is due to the inhibition of any one of the following functions (a) to (r): (a) genes associated with human chromosomal instability disorders, (b) chromosomal DNA replication reaction including initiation of chromosomal DNA replication and progression of replication fork, (c) DNA damage checkpoints, (d) sister chromatid agglutination and separation, (e) base excision repair, (f) mismatch excision repair, (g) nucleotide excision repair, (h) homologous recombination repair, (i) non-homologous end-joining repair (non-homologous recombination repair), (j) double-strand DNA break repair, (k) DNA post-replication repair (DNA damage tolerance), (l) DNA crosslink damage repair, (m) DNA-protein crosslink damage repair, (n) DNA polymerases, (O) nucleases, (p) nucleotide cleansing, (q) chromatin structure maintenance, and (r) telomere structure maintenance; [3] a cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent, comprising a compound that inhibits expression of a gene involved in any one of the functions of (a) to (r) described in [2]; [4] a cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent, comprising as an active ingredient a compound that inhibits expression of any one of the following genes: APE2, ATR, BRCA1, Chk1, Cdc5, Cdc6, Cdc7, Cdc45, Cdt1, CSA, CSB, Ctf18, DDB1, DDB2, DNA2, DUT, Elg1, EndoV, Esp1, Exonuclease1, FBH1, FEN1, Geminin, Hus1, KNTC2 (NDC80), Ku80, Ligase1, Mad2, MBD4, Mcm3, Mcm4, Mcm5, Mcm6, Mcm7, Mcm8, Mcm10, MGMT, MLH3, Mms4, MPG, MSH2, Mus81, NBS1, NEIL2, NEIL3, NTH1, Orc1, Orc3, PARP1, PCNA, Pif1, PMS1, PMS2, PNK, Pola p180, Pola p70, Pola Spp1 (Prim2a), Polb, Pold p125, Pole Dpb3, Pole Dpb4, Pole Pol2, Poli, Poll, Polm, Psf1, Psf2, Psf3, Rad1, Rad18, Rad23A, Rad23B, Rad51, Rad51D, Rad54, Rad6A, RPA34, RPA70, Scc1, Scc3, Sir2, SIRT1 (Sirtuin), TDG, TDP1, TIMELESS, Tin2, Topoisomerase I, Topoisomerase IIIa, Topoisomerase IIIb, Ubc13, UNG, XAB2, XPC, XPF, XPG, Xrcc2, and XRCC4; [5] the apoptosis-inducing agent of [4], wherein nucleotide sequence of each gene described in [4] is selected from the group consisting of the nucleotide sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 637 and 810 to 908; [6] the apoptosis-inducing agent of [4], wherein the compound that inhibits expression of any one of the genes described in [4] is a double-strand RNA having an RNAi effect (siRNA) on said gene; [7] the apoptosis-inducing agent of [6], wherein the double-strand RNA is a double-strand RNA comprising a sense RNA consisting of a sequence homologous with arbitrary 20 to 30 contiguous bases in an mRNA of any one of the genes described in [4], and an antisense RNA consisting of a sequence complementary to said sense RNA, [7b] the apoptosis-inducing agent of [6], wherein the double-strand RNA having an RNAi effect is a double-strand RNA in which one strand of the double strand is a nucleotide sequence described in SEQ ID NOs: 724 to 809 (this strand of the double strand is composed of a region excluding the terminal TT from the sequence) or a nucleotide sequence described in SEQ ID NOs: 974 to 1063, and the other strand is a nucleotide sequence complementary to said nucleotide sequence, [7c] the apoptosis-inducing agent of [6], wherein the double-strand RNA having an RNAi effect is a double-strand RNA in which one strand of the double strand is a nucleotide sequence with one or a small number of nucleotide additions, deletions, or substitutions to a nucleotide sequence described in SEQ ID NOs: 724 to 809 (this strand of the double strand is composed of a region excluding the terminal TT from the sequence) or SEQ ID NOs: 974 to 1063, and the other strand is a nucleotide sequence complementary to said nucleotide sequence, wherein the double-strand RNA has a function to inhibit expression of any of the genes described in [4] above, [7d] the cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent comprising as an active ingredient a molecule having a structure in which one end of the double-strand RNA is closed (forming a hairpin), [8] a cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent, comprising as an active ingredient a DNA able to express a double-strand RNA having an RNAi effect on any one of the genes described in [4]; [9] the apoptosis-inducing agent of [4], wherein the compound that inhibits expression of any one of the genes described in [4] is the following (a) or (b): (a) an antisense nucleic acid against a transcription product of said gene or a portion thereof, or (b) a nucleic acid having ribozyme activity which specifically cleaves a transcription product of said gene; [10] a cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent comprising as an active ingredient a compound that inhibits the function of a protein encoded by any one of the genes described in [4]; [11] the apoptosis-inducting agent of [10], wherein the compound that inhibits the function of a protein encoded by any one of the genes described in [4] is a compound of any one of the following (a) to (c): (a) a mutant protein having a dominant negative trait with respect to a protein encoded by said gene; (b) an antibody which binds to a protein encoded by said gene; and, (c) a low molecular weight compound that binds to a protein encoded by said gene; [12] an anticancer agent, comprising as an active ingredient an apoptosis-inducing agent of any one of [1] to [11]; [13] a method of screening for a cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent, comprising the following steps (a) to (c): (a) contacting a test compound with a protein encoded by any one of the genes described in [4], or a partial peptide of the protein; (b) measuring the binding activity between the protein, or partial peptide thereof, and the test compound; and (c) selecting a compound which binds to the protein encoded by said gene, or the partial peptide of the protein; [14] a method of screening for a cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent, comprising the following steps (a) to (c): (a) contacting a test compound with a cell that expresses any one of the genes described in [4], or a cell extract thereof; (b) measuring the expression level of said gene; and (c) selecting a compound which lowers said expression level as compared to a level measured in the absence of the test compound; [15] a method of screening for a cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent, comprising the following steps (a) to (c): (a) contacting a test compound with a cell comprising a DNA having a structure in which the transcriptional regulatory region of any one of the genes described in [4] is operably linked to a reporter gene, or with a cell extract thereof; (b) measuring the expression level of the reporter gene; and (c) selecting a compound which lowers the expression level as compared to a level measured in the absence of the test compound; [16] a method of screening for a cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent, comprising the following steps (a) to (c): (a) contacting a test compound with a protein encoded by any one of the genes described in [4], or a cell that expresses said protein, or a cell extract thereof; (b) measuring the activity of the protein; and (c) selecting a compound which lowers the activity of the protein as compared to an activity measured in the absence of the test compound; and [17] a method for producing the apoptosis-inducing agent of [4] or [10] as a pharmaceutical composition, comprising the following steps (a) and (b): (a) screening for a compound by a method of any one of [13] to [16]; and (b) mixing said compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In addition, a specific embodiment of the present invention provides a cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent containing as its active ingredient an siRNA molecule having as one of the strands of the double-strand RNA a nucleotide sequence described in any of SEQ ID NOs: 724 to 809 and 974 to 1063 (siRNA molecule composed of a nucleotide sequence described in any of SEQ ID NOs: 724 to 809 and 974 to 1063, and a strand complementary thereto),

(18) a method for inducing apoptosis of target cells comprising a step of administering (contacting) any of the apoptosis-inducing agents to the cells, (19) a method for treating cancer comprising a step of administering the apoptosis-inducing agent or anticancer agent to an individual (e.g., a cancer patient), (20) use of a compound which inhibits chromosome stabilization (for example, a compound which inhibits expression of any of the genes described in (4) above or inhibits the function of a protein encoded by said genes) to produce an apoptosis-inducing agent, and (21) use of the apoptosis-inducing agent to produce an anticancer agent.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the names of genes used in Examples, accession numbers, siRNA sequences, SEQ ID NOs, inhibition of gene expression in HeLa cells, MTT assay (HeLa cells), results of the TUNEL method, inhibition of gene expression in TIG3 cells, and MTT assay (TIG3 cells).

The column entitled “Inhibition of gene expression in HeLa cells” indicates the results of respectively introducing siRNA for each gene into HeLa cells, and quantifying expression of each mRNA by Taqman PCR 48 hours after introduction.

The column entitled “MTT assay (HeLa cells)” indicates the results of respectively introducing siRNA for each gene into HeLa cells, and investigating the cell survival rates by an MTT assay 4 days after introduction.

The column entitled “TUNEL method” shows YES if staining has been observed, i.e., when it was apoptosis-positive.

The column entitled “Inhibition of gene expression in TIG3 cells” indicates the results of respectively introducing siRNA for each gene into TIG3 cells and quantifying expression of mRNA 72 hours later by Taqman PCR. ND stands for “not detectable”.

The column entitled “MTT assay (TIG3 cells)” indicates the results of respectively introducing siRNA for each gene into TIG3 cells and investigating the cell survival rates 4 days later by an MTT assay.

The genes were grouped according to their respective functions.

FIG. 2 is a continuation of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a continuation of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a continuation of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 shows photographs indicating induction of apoptosis by inhibition of mRNA expression of each gene in HeLa cells. The photographs show the results of respectively introducing siRNA for each gene into HeLa cells and examining induction of apoptosis in the HeLa cells 48 hours after introduction using the TUNEL method. The green color on the left side of each panel (black-and-white photographs are shown) indicates apoptotic nuclei, and the right side indicates nuclei of cells present in the field of view.

FIG. 6 is a continuation of FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is a continuation of FIG. 6.

FIG. 8 is a continuation of FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 is a continuation of FIG. 8.

FIG. 10 shows photographs indicating the results of immunostaining the regions in which single-strand DNA is exposed in chromosomal DNA using anti-ssDNA antibody. Three photographs are shown for each gene. Starting from the left, an anti-ssDNA image, nuclear staining image, and superimposed image, are shown.

FIG. 11 is a continuation of FIG. 10.

FIG. 12 is a continuation of FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 is a continuation of FIG. 12.

FIG. 14 is a continuation of FIG. 13.

FIG. 15 is a continuation of FIG. 14.

FIG. 16 is a continuation of FIG. 15.

FIG. 17 is a continuation of FIG. 16.

FIG. 18 is a continuation of FIG. 17.

FIG. 19 is a continuation of FIG. 18.

FIG. 20 is a continuation of FIG. 19.

FIG. 21 is a continuation of FIG. 20.

FIG. 22 is a continuation of FIG. 21.

FIG. 23 is a continuation of FIG. 22.

FIG. 24 is a continuation of FIG. 23.

FIG. 25 is a continuation of FIG. 24.

FIG. 26 is a continuation of FIG. 25.

FIG. 27 is a continuation of FIG. 26.

FIG. 28 shows the names of genes used in Examples, accession numbers, other accession numbers, siRNA sequences, SEQ ID NOs, inhibition of gene expression in HeLa cells, inhibition of proliferation in HeLa cells, inhibition of gene expression in TIG3 cells, and inhibition of proliferation in TIG3 cells.

The column entitled “Inhibition of gene expression in 40 nM HeLa cells” indicates the results of respectively introducing an siRNA sequence for each gene into HeLa cells, and quantifying the expression of each mRNA by Taqman PCR 48 hours after introduction.

The column entitled “Inhibition of proliferation in 40 nM HeLa cells” indicates the results of respectively introducing an siRNA sequence for each gene into HeLa cells, and investigating the cell survival rates by an MTT assay 4 days after introduction.

The column entitled “Inhibition of gene expression in 40 nM TIG3 cells” indicates the results of respectively introducing siRNA for each gene into TIG3 cells, and quantifying the expression of mRNA 72 hours later by Taqman PCR. The symbol “**” indicates “not determined”.

The column entitled “Inhibition of proliferation in 40 nM TIG3 cells” indicates the results of respectively introducing an siRNA sequence for each gene into TIG3 cells, and investigating the cell survival rates by an MTT assay 4 days after introduction.

The genes were grouped according to their respective functions.

FIG. 29 is a continuation of FIG. 28.

FIG. 30 is a continuation of FIG. 29.

FIG. 31 shows alternative names for KNTC2 (NDC80) gene, accession number, mRNA registrations, siRNA IDs, siRNA sequences, SEQ ID NOs, mRNA expression in HeLa cells, inhibition of proliferation in HeLa cells, apoptosis in HeLa cells, mRNA expression in HDF cells, inhibition of proliferation in HDF cells, and apoptosis in HDF cells.

The column entitled “mRNA expression” in HeLa cells indicates the results of respectively introducing an siRNA sequence for KNTC2 (NDC80) gene into HeLa cells, and quantifying expression of each mRNA by Taqman PCR 48 hours after introduction.

The column entitled “Inhibition of proliferation” in HeLa cells indicates the results of respectively introducing an siRNA sequence for KNTC2 (NDC80) gene into HeLa cells, and investigating the cell survival rates by an MTT assay 4 days after introduction.

The column entitled “Apoptosis” in HeLa cells shows YES if staining was observed, i.e., when it was apoptosis-positive.

The column entitled “mRNA expression” in HDF cells indicates the results of respectively introducing an siRNA sequence for KNTC2 (NDC80) gene into HDF cells, and quantifying the expression of each mRNA by Taqman PCR 48 hours after introduction.

The column entitled “Inhibition of proliferation” in HDF cells indicates the results of respectively introducing an siRNA sequence for KNTC2 (NDC80) gene into HDF cells, and investigating the cell survival rates by MTT assay 4 days after introduction.

The column entitled “Apoptosis” in HDF cells shows YES if staining was observed, i.e., when it was apoptosis-positive.

FIG. 32 shows the names of genes used in Examples, siRNA IDs, siRNA sequences, SEQ ID NOs, mRNA expression in HeLa cells, inhibition of proliferation in HeLa cells, apoptosis in HeLa cells, mRNA expression in HDF cells, inhibition of proliferation in HDF cells, and apoptosis in HDF cells.

The column entitled “Expression” of mRNA in HeLa cells indicates the results of respectively introducing an siRNA sequence for each gene into HeLa cells, and quantifying expression of each mRNA by Taqman PCR 48 hours after introduction.

The column entitled inhibition of “Proliferation” in HeLa cells indicates the results of respectively introducing an siRNA sequence for each gene into HeLa cells, and investigating the cell survival rates by an MTT assay 4 days after introduction.

The column entitled “Apoptosis” in HeLa cells shows “+” if staining was observed, i.e., when it was apoptosis-positive.

The column entitled “Expression” of mRNA in HDF cells indicates the results of respectively introducing an siRNA sequence for each gene into HDF cells, and quantifying expression of each mRNA by Taqman PCR 48 hours after introduction.

The column entitled inhibition of “Proliferation” in HDF cells indicates the results of respectively introducing an siRNA sequence for each gene into HDF cells, and investigating the cell survival rates by MTT assay 4 days after introduction.

The column entitled “Apoptosis” in HDF cells shows “+” if staining was observed, i.e., when it was apoptosis-positive, and shows “−” when it was apoptosis-negative.

FIG. 33 shows photographs indicating induction of apoptosis by inhibiting the mRNA expression of Pif1, Mms4, Topoisomerase IIIa, Mus81, SIRT1 (Sirtuin), Esp1, MPG, Poll, Polm, and EndoV gene in HeLa cells and TIG3 cells. The photographs show the results of respectively introducing siRNA for each gene into HeLa cells and TIG3 cells, and examining the induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells 48 hours after introduction and in TIG3 cells 72 hours after introduction using the TUNEL method.

FIG. 34 shows photographs continuing from FIG. 33.

FIG. 35 shows photographs indicating induction of apoptosis by inhibiting the mRNA expression of KNTC2 (NDC80) gene in HeLa cells and TIG3 cells. The photographs show the results of respectively introducing siRNA for KNTC2 (NDC80) gene into HeLa cells and TIG3 cells, and examining the induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells 48 hours after introduction and in TIG3 cells 72 hours after introduction using the TUNEL method. The photographs on the left side depict apoptotic nuclei. The photographs on the right depict nuclei of cells present in the field of view.

FIG. 36 shows photographs indicating the results of immunostaining the regions in which single-strand DNA is exposed in chromosomal DNA using an anti-ssDNA antibody.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The present inventors found that inhibition of chromosome stabilization induces cancer cell (tumor cells)-specific apoptosis.

First, the present invention provides cancer cell-specific (anti-cancer cell) apoptosis-inducing agents comprising a compound that inhibits chromosome stabilization.

The apoptosis-inducing agents of the present invention are characterized in that they have an action to selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells. In the present invention, “cancer cell-specific” means that the agent substantially demonstrates an apoptosis-inducing action in cancer cells without demonstrating a substantial apoptosis-inducing action in normal cells. Preferably, it means that the agent has an apoptosis-inducing action against cancer cells without showing an apoptosis-inducing action against normal cells.

The term “apoptosis” generally refers to cell death actively induced by the cell itself due to a physiological condition. Morphological features of apoptosis include, for example, chromosome condensation in the cell nucleus, nuclear fragmentation, loss of microvilli on the cell surface, and cytoplasmic shrinkage. Thus, as used herein, the term “apoptosis-inducing action” refers to, for example, the action of inducing in cells any of the above-described morphological features of apoptosis, but is not limited to those described above. One skilled in the art can appropriately assess whether apoptosis induction is taking place in cells or not.

The cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agents of the present invention are considered to be, for example, anticancer agents (carcinostatics) having an apoptosis-inducing action as a mechanism of function. Since the apoptosis-inducing agents of the present invention specifically induce apoptosis in cancer cells but do not induce apoptosis in normal cells, they are expected to be safe anticancer agents having few adverse side effects.

The “anticancer agent” as used herein, may also be referred to as a “carcinostatic agent”. The “anticancer agent” may also be expressed as an “antitumor agent”, “antitumor pharmaceutical”, “antitumor pharmaceutical composition”, etc.

In the present invention, “inhibition of chromosome stabilization” indicates, for example, reaching a state in which unrepaired damage remaining in chromosomal DNA has accumulated, and more specifically, a state in which regions with exposed single strand chromosomal DNA have accumulated, or a state in which a large number of breaks in double-strand DNA have appeared; however, “inhibition of chromosome stabilization” is not necessarily limited to these states.

In the present invention, “chromosome stabilization” is maintained, for example, by the following functions in cells. Thus, inhibition of the following functions inhibits chromosome stabilization

(a) genes associated with human chromosomal instability disorders, (b) chromosomal DNA replication reaction including initiation of chromosomal DNA replication and progression of replication fork, (c) DNA damage checkpoints, (d) sister chromatid agglutination and separation, (e) base excision repair, (f) mismatch excision repair, (g) nucleotide excision repair, (h) homologous recombination repair, (i) non-homologous end-joining repair (non-homologous recombination repair), (j) double-strand DNA break repair, (k) DNA post-replication repair (DNA damage tolerance), (l) DNA crosslink damage repair, (m) DNA-protein crosslink damage repair, (n) DNA polymerase, (o) nuclease, (p) nucleotide cleansing, (q) chromatin structure maintenance, and (r) telomere structure maintenance.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, inhibition of chromosome stabilization includes inhibition of any of the aforementioned functions (a) to (r).

Namely, a preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agents containing a compound which inhibits any of the aforementioned functions (a) to (r).

In the present invention, in order to inhibit any of the aforementioned functions (a) to (r), for example, the expression of a gene associated with the function (which may also be referred to as a “chromosome stabilization-associated gene” in the present specification) may be inhibited, or the function (activity) of a protein encoded by the gene may be inhibited.

Although examples of genes associated with each of the aforementioned functions are provided below, there are no particular limitations so long as they are genes associated with each of the aforementioned functions.

(a) Genes Associated with Human Chromosomal Instability Disorders

Examples of human chromosomal instability disorders include xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne syndrome, Nijmegen breakage syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia, Fanconi's anemia, and progeria Genes associated with these diseases are described below.

Xeroderma pigmentosum: (a1) XPB, (a2) XPD, (a3) XPG, (a4) XPF, (a5) XPC, (a6) RAD23B, (a7) CETN2, (a8) RAD23A, (a9) ERCC1

Cockayne syndrome: (a10) CSA, (a11) CSB, (a12) XAB

Nijmegen breakage syndrome: (a13) NBS1

Ataxia telangiectasia: (a14) ATM

Fanconi's anemia: (a15) FANCA, (a16) FANCC, (a17) FANCD2, (a18) FANCE, (a19) FANCF, (a20) FANCG

Progeria: (a21) WRN, (a22) BLM, (a23) RTS

(b) Chromosomal DNA Replication Reaction Including Initiation of Chromosomal DNA Replication and Progression of Replication Fork

(b1) Mcm10, (b2) Orc1, (b3) Orc3, (b4) Cdc6, (b5) Cdt1, (b6) Geminin, (b7) Mcm3, (b8) Mcm4, (b9) Mcm5, (b10) Mcm6, (b11) Mcm7, (b12) Mcm8, (b113) Cdc7, (b14) Cdc5, (b15) Psf1, (b16) Psf2, (b17) Psf3, (b18) Cdc45, (b19) Pola p180, (b20) Pola p70, (b21) Pola Spp1(Prim2a), (b22) RPA70, (b23) RPA34, (b24) PCNA, (b25) Elg1, (b26) Ligase1, (b27) Pole Pol2, (b28) Pole Dpb3, (b29) Topoisomerase I, (b30) TDP1, (b31) Orc2, (b32) Orc4, (b33) Orc5, (b34) Orc6, (b35) Mcm2, (b36) Dbf4, (b37) TopBP1, (b38) Sld5, (b39) Pola Spp2, (b40) RFC1, (b41) RFC2, (b42) RFC3, (b43) RFC4, (b44) RFC5, (b45) Pif1, (b46) Pold p50, (b47) Pole Dpb2, (b48) Topoisomerase Iia, (b49) Topoisomerase Iib, (b50) RPAI4, (b51) FEN1, (b52) DNA2, (b53) Pold p125, (b54) Pold p68, (b55) Pold p12, (b56) Pole Dpb4

(c) DNA Damage Checkpoints

(c1) ATR, (c2) Chk1, (c3) NBS1, (c4) Hus1, (c5) Rad1, (c11) Mad2, (c12) BubR1, (c12) ATM, (c13) Rad50, (c14) Mre11, (c15) Mdc1, (c16) 53BP1, (c17) Rad17, (c22) BubR1, (c23) ATRIP, (c24) Chk2, (c25) H2AX, (c26) RFC1, (c27) RFC2, (c28) RFC3, (c29) RFC4, (c30) RFC5, (c31) ATM, (c32) BRCA1, (c33) Chk1, (c34) Chk2, (c35) 14-3-3eta, (c36) 14-3-3sigma, (c37) cdc25A, (c38) cdc25c, (c39) wee1, (c40) ATR, (c41) ATRIP, (c42) Rad17, (c43) RFC2, (c44) RFC3, (c45) RFC4, (c46) RFC5, (c47) HUS1, (c48) Rad1, (c49) Rad9, (c50) P53, (c51) Rad50, (c52) Mre11, (c53) NBS1, (c54) TopBP1, (c55) 53BP1, (c56) H2AX

(d) Sister Chromatid Agglutination and Separation

(d1) Ctf18, (d2) Scc1, (d3) Scc3, (d4) Dcc1, (d5) Trf4-1, (d6) Trf4-2, (d7) Smc1, (d8) Smc3, (d9) Pds1(Securin), (d10) Mad-2, (d11) BubR1, (d12) Esp1

(e) Base Excision Repair

(e1) UNG (e2) MBD4, (e3) TDG, (e4) NTH1, (e5) NEIL2, (e6) NEIL3, (e7) APE2, (e8) PARP1, (e9) PNK, (e10) Polb, (e11) OGG1, (e12) APE1, (e13) XRCC1, (e14) Ligase3, (e15) SMUG1, (e16) TDG, (e17) MYH, (e18) MPG, (e19) NEIL1, (e20) ADPRT, (e21) ADPRTL2, (e22) MGMT, (e23) ABH1, (e24) ABH2, (e25) ABH3

(f) Mismatch Excision Repair

(f1) MSH2, (f2) PMS1, (f3) PMS2, (f4) MLH3, (f5) Exonuclease1, (f6) MSH3, (f7) MSH6, (f8) MSH5, (f9) MLH1, (f10) MSH4, (f11) PMS2L3, (f12) Trex1, (f13) Trex2, (f14) PMS2L4

(g) Nucleotide Excision Repair

(g1) XPC, (g2) Rad23A, (g3) Rad23B, (g4) CSA, (g5) CSB, (g6) XPG, (g7) XPF, (g8) DDB1, (g9) DDB2, (g10) XAB2, (g11) XPB, (g12) ERCC1, (g13) XPD, (g14) XPA, (g15) DDB2, (g16) Mms19, (g17) CETN2, (g18) RPA70, (g19) RPA34, (g20) RPAI4, (g21) GTF2H1, (g22) GTF2H2, (g23) GTF2H3, (g24) GTF2H4, (g25) CDK7, (g26) CCNH, (g27) MNAT1, (g28) LigaseI, (g29) CSA, (g30) CSB

(h) Homologous Recombination Repair

(h1) Rad51, (h2) Rad51L1, (h3) Rad51C, (h4) Rad51L3, (h5) DMC1, (h6) XRCC2, (h7) XRCC3, (h8) Rad52, (h9) Rad54L, (h10) Rad54B, (h11) BRCA1, (h12) BRCA2, (h13) Rad50, (h14) Mre11, (h15) NBS1, (h16) TopoisomeraseIIIa, (h17) TopoisomeraseIIIb, (h18) WHIP, (h19) WRN, (h20) BLM, (h21) RecQ1, (h22) RecQ5

(i) Non-Homologous End-Joining Repair (Non-Homologous Recombination Repair)

(i1) Ku70, (i2) Ku80, (i3) DNA-pk, (i4) Ligase4, (i5) XRCC4, (i6) Artemis, (i7) WRN

j) Double-Strand DNA Break Repair

(j1) Rad51, (j2) Rad51D, (j3) Xrcc2, (j4) Rad54, (j5) BRCA1, (j6) Ku80, (j7) XRCC4, (j8) Rad52, (j9) Rad51C, (j10) Dmc1, (j11) Rad54B, (j12) DNA-pk, (j13) Ku70, (j14) Ligase4, (j15) Rad51B, (j16) XRCC3, (j17) BRCA2, (j18) Artemis

(k) DNA Post-Replication Repair (DNA Damage Tolerance)

(k1) Rad6A, (k2) Rad6B, (k3) Rad18, (k4) Ubc13, (k5) FBH1

(l) DNA Crosslink Damage Repair

(l1) FANCA, (l2) FANCC, (l3) FANCD2, (l4) FANCE, (l5) FANCF, (l6) FANCG

(m) DNA-Protein Crosslink Damage Repair

(m1) TDP1

(n) DNA Polymerase

(n1) Poli, (n2) Polh, (n3) Polq, (n4) Polk, (n5) Polz (REV3), (n6) Poll, (n7) Polm, (n8) Rev1, (n9) Polb, (n10) Polg, (n11) Pold p50, (n12) Pole Pol2, (n13) REV7, (n14) Poln, (n15) Pola P180, (n16) Pola p70, (n17) Pola Spp1, (n18) Pola Spp2, (n19) Pold p68, (n20) Pold p12, (n21) Pole Dpb2, (n22) Pole Dpb3, (n23) Pole Dpb4

(o) Nuclease

(o1) FEN1, (o2) TREX1, (o3) TREX2, (o4) Exonuclease1, (o5) SPO11, (o6) ENDO V, (o7) APE1, (o8) APE2, (o9) Mre11, (o10) Artemis

(p) Nucleotide Cleansing

(p1) MTH1, (p2) DUT, (p3) p53R2

(q) Chromatin Structure Maintenance

(q1) H2AX, (q2) Sir2, (q3) SIRT1 (Sirtuin)

(r) Telomere Structure Maintenance

(r1) Tin2, (r2) Sir2, (r3) hTert, (r4) TRF1, (r5) TRF2, (r6) Tankyrase, (r7) Pot1, (r8) Rap1, (r9) Pif1

Preferred examples of genes associated with each of the aforementioned functions (a) to (r) include the genes described in Examples below. More specifically, examples of such genes are as follows:

APE2, ATR, BRCA1, Chk1, Cdc5, Cdc6, Cdc7, Cdc45, Cdt1, CSA, CSB, Ctf18, DDB1, DDB2, DNA2, DUT, Elg1, EndoV, Esp1, Exonuclease1, FBH1, FEN1, Geminin, Hus1, KNTC2 (NDC80), Ku80, Ligase1, Mad2, MBD4, Mcm3, Mcm4, Mcm5, Mcm6, Mcm7, Mcm8, Mcm10, MGMT, MLH3, Mms4, MPG, MSH2, Mus81, NBS1, NEIL2, NEIL3, NTH1, Orc1, Orc3, PARP1, PCNA, Pif1, PMS1, PMS2, PNK, Pola p180, Pola p70, Pola Spp1(Prim2a), Polb, Pold p125, Pole Dpb3, Pole Dpb4, Pole Pol2, Poli, Poll, Polm, Psf1, Psf2, Psf3, Rad1, Rad18, Rad23A, Rad23B, Rad51, Rad51D, Rad54, Rad6A, RPA34, RPA70, Scc1, Scc3, Sir2, SIRT1 (Sirtuin), TDG, TDP1, TIMELESS, Tin2, Topoisomerase I, Topoisomerase IIIa, Topoisomerase IIIb, Ubc13, UNG, XAB2, XPC, XPF, XPG, Xrcc2, and XRCC4.

A preferred embodiment of the present invention provides a cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent comprising as an active ingredient a compound which inhibits the expression of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes), or inhibits the function of a protein encoded by the gene.

Since the gene names described in the present specification are names which are widely and generally known, those skilled in the art are able to suitably acquire data on the nucleotide sequences of said genes from a public reference database or gene database (e.g., GenBank) based on the gene name.

Specific examples of the nucleotide sequences of the aforementioned genes of the present invention and amino acid sequences of proteins encoded by the genes are listed in the Sequence Listing. NCBI accession numbers by which sequence data on the genes can be acquired, and the relationships between the nucleotide sequences of genes acquired using said numbers and SEQ ID NOs, are shown in Tables 1 to 16. In addition, examples of amino acid sequences of proteins encoded by the aforementioned genes of the present invention are also shown in the Sequence Listing.

TABLE 1 SEQ ID NO Amino Gene Name Accession No. Nucleotide Sequence Acid Sequence Mcm10 NM_182751 1 638 NM_018518 2 AB042719 3 AL136840 4 AK055695 5 BC009108 6 BC004876 7 AF119869 8 Orc1 NM_004153 9 639 U43416 10 U40152 11 BC011539 12 Orc3 NM_181837 13 640 NM_012381 14 BC035494 15 AF125507 16 AF135044 17 AL080116 18 AF093535 19 BC047689 20 U50950 21 AK094135 22 Cdc6 NM_001254 23 641 AF022109 24 BC025232 25 U77949 26 Cdt1 NM_030928 27 642 BC008676 28 AF321125 29 AB053172 30 BC000137 31 BC008860 32 BC009410 33 BC049205 34 BC021126 35 AF070552 36 BC014202 37 Geminin NM_015895 38 643 BC005389 39 BC005185 40 AF067855 41 AK021685 42 Mcm3 BC003509 43 NM_002388 44 644 BC001626 45 AY032603 46 X62153 47 D38073 48 U41843 49

TABLE 2 Mcm4 NM_005914 50 645 XM_030274 51 X74794 52 NM_182746 53 BC031061 54 AK022899 55 Mcm5 NM_006739 56 646 X74795 57 BC003656 58 BC000142 59 D83986 60 AK130620 61 AK122853 62 Mcm6 NM_005915 72 647 BC020268 73 D84557 74 BC032374 75 U46838 76 BC008774 77 Mcm7 NM_005916 65 648 BC013375 63 D55716 70 AK096959 71 X74796 68 NM_182776 64 D28480 66 AK055379 67 AY007130 69 BC009398 78 AF279900 79 Mcm8 NM_032485 80 649 AJ439063 81 BC008830 82 AK027644 83 NM_182802 84 AY158211 85 BC005170 86

TABLE 3 Cdc7 NM_003503 87 650 AF015592 88 AB003698 89 AF005209 90 Cdc5 BC001568 91 NM_001253 92 651 U86753 93 AK128737 94 AB007892 95 D85423 96 Psf1 NM_021067 97 652 D80008 98 BC012542 99 Psf2 BC010164 100 NM_016095 101 653 AF151880 102 AF125098 103 AK001275 104 AF201939 105 BC022839 106 BC003186 107 BC062444 108 AK091519 109 Psf3 NM_022770 110 654 BC014437 111 BC005879 112 AK127454 113 AK023974 114 AL137379 115 Cdc45 BC005879 112 NM_003504 116 655 BC006232 117 BT006792 118 BC010022 119 AF081535 120 AF053074 121 AY358971 122 AF062495 123 AJ223728 124 Pola p180 NM_016937 125 656 X06745 126 BX648513 127 Pola p70 L24559 128 BC002990 129 NM_002689 130 657 BC001347 131 BC018813 132 BC018814 133 AK025315 134 AK094569 135 Pola Spp1(Prim2a) NM_000947 136 658 X74331 137 BC017833 138

TABLE 4 RPA70 BC018126 139 NM_002945 140 659 M63488 141 RPA34 NM_002946 142 660 BC021257 143 BC012157 144 BC001630 145 J05249 146 PCNA NM_002592 147 661 NM_182649 148 BC000491 149 M15796 150 Elg1 AJ314648 151 NM_024857 152 662 AL832103 153 AK022797 154 BC015051 155 FEN1 NM_004111 156 663 BC000323 157 X76771 158 L37374 159 XM_209325 160 DNA2 D42046 161 XM_166103 162 664 BC063664 163 BC053574 164 BC041115 165 BC028188 166 BC017003 167 Ligase1 NM_000234 168 665 M36067 169 Pold p125 NM_002691 170 666 M80397 171 BC008800 172 M81735 173 Pole Pol2 NM_006231 174 667 L09561 175 U49356 176 S60080 177 BX647647 178 BC007599 179 BC021559 180 AK093003 181 AK025087 182 BC011376 183 AL080203 184 AK128248 185 NM_012332 186 AF132950 187

TABLE 5 Pole Dpb3 NM_017443 188 668 AK074762 189 BC004170 190 BC003166 191 AK074629 192 AF226077 193 AK074782 194 AK096050 195 AK092840 196 Pole Dpb4 AF261688 197 BC031331 198 NM_019896 199 669 AY034104 200 Topoisomerase I NM_003286 201 670 J03250 202 U07806 203 U07804 204 X16479 205 TDP1 BC015474 206 NM_018319 207 671 AK001952 208 AF182002 209 BX161451 210 AK093235 211 BC006083 212 AL832288 213 AF182003 214 AK023514 215 Ctf18 BC018184 216 NM_022092 217 672 BC006278 218 BC006437 219 AK024476 220 AK128869 221 Scc1 BC050381 222 NM_006265 223 673 D38551 224 X98294 225 AK098521 226 AK097915 227 BC001229 228 AK125620 229

TABLE 6 Scc3 NM_005862 230 674 Z75330 231 BC017735 232 BC040708 233 AF070586 234 BC001765 235 NM_006603 236 BX641003 237 AK098737 238 Z75331 239 BX641002 240 BX640970 241 AL831939 242 AK124202 243 NM_012447 244 AJ007798 245 BC047490 246 BC028684 247 ATR NM_001184 248 675 Y09077 249 U76308 250 U49844 251 Chk1 BC017575 252 NM_001274 253 676 AF016582 254 BC004202 255 AF032874 256 NBS1 NM_002485 257 677 AF051334 258 AF058696 259 BX640816 260 BC040519 261 BC005293 262 BC016762 263 AK001017 264 Hus1 NM_004507 265 678 BC007013 266 AF110393 267 AF076844 268 Y16893 269 AJ227901 270 AK097182 271

TABLE 7 Rad1 BC037857 272 BC009804 273 NM_133377 274 NM_002853 275 679 BC006837 276 AK002112 277 AF074717 278 AF076841 279 AF030933 280 AF084512 281 AF058392 282 AF011905 283 AJ004974 284 BT006908 285 AF073524 286 NM_133282 287 AF090170 288 AF084513 289 AF058393 290 AJ004975 291 Topoisomerase IIIb NM_003935 292 680 AF053082 293 AF017146 294 AF125216 295 BC002432 296 AL833505 297 AK096695 298 AF070585 299 XM_066339 300 BC051748 301 NM_004618 302 U43431 303 Rad6A BC010175 304 NM_003336 305 681 M74524 306 NM_181777 307 BC042021 308 NM_181762 309 BC005979 310 BC008404 311 BC008470 312 NM_003337 313 BT007071 314 X53251 315 M74525 316 Rad18 NM_020165 317 682 AF169796 318 AK023075 319 AB035274 320 BC001302 321 AY004333 322

TABLE 8 Ubc13 BC000396 323 BC003365 324 NM_003348 325 683 D83004 326 BT006873 327 XM_372257 328 AK098233 329 FBH1 NM_178150 330 NM_032807 331 684 AF380349 332 AF456237 333 AK095343 334 AF454502 335 BC020266 336 BC032674 337 AK122753 338 AK027496 339 AK027381 340 BC006430 341 BC012762 342 AL133069 343 AL832251 344 Mad2 NM_002358 345 685 BC000356 346 BC005945 347 U31278 348 AJ000186 349 U65410 350 NG_002592 351 AF394735 352 XM_374193 353 XPC BC016620 354 NM_004628 355 686 D21089 356 X65024 357 Rad23A BC014026 358 NM_005053 359 687 D21235 360 M77024 361 L37720 362 BC020973 363 NM_002874 364 AY313777 365 AK125226 366 D21090 367

TABLE 9 Rad23B NM_002874 364 688 D21090 367 BC020973 363 AK125226 366 AY313777 365 XM_067249 368 BC014026 358 NM_005053 359 D21235 360 AK122683 369 CSA NM_000082 370 689 U28413 371 AK056931 372 BC009793 373 CSB NM_000124 374 690 L04791 375 AK130100 376 XPG X69978 377 NM_000123 378 691 BC031522 379 AF462447 380 BX647399 381 L20046 382 D16305 383 XPF L77890 384 NM_005236 385 692 U64315 386 BC020741 387 DDB1 NM_001923 388 693 U32986 389 BC050530 390 BC011686 391 BC051764 392 HSU18299 393 AJ2955 394 L40326 395 BC021044 396 BC032080 397 AL831958 398 DDB2 NM_000107 399 694 U18300 400 BC000093 401 BT007139 402 BC001160 403 BC050455 404 AK091640 405

TABLE 10 XAB2 NM_020196 406 695 AF226051 407 BC007208 408 AF258567 409 AB026111 410 AB033003 411 BC008778 412 AK025858 413 AK074035 414 UNG BC050634 415 NM_003362 416 696 BC015205 417 X15653 418 NM_080911 419 Y09008 420 MBD4 NM_003925 421 697 AF072250 422 AF114784 423 AF532602 424 BC034463 425 BC011752 426 U56428 427 U56254 428 TDG BC037557 429 NM_003211 430 698 U51166 431 BC019925 432 BC010945 433 NTH1 NM_002528 434 699 U79718 435 AB001575 436 U81285 437 BC000391 438 BC003014 439 Y09687 440 NEIL2 BC013964 441 BC013952 442 NM_145043 443 700 AK056206 444 AB079070 445 AK097389 446 BX537529 447 BC045822 448 NEIL3 NM_018248 449 701 AK001720 450 AB079071 451 BC025954 452 APE2 BC002959 453 NM_014481 454 702 AJ011311 455 AB021260 456 AB049211 457 AF119046 458

TABLE 11 PARP1 NM_001618 459 703 M32721 460 M18112 461 J03473 462 BC037545 463 NG_002655 464 M17081 465 BC018620 466 BC021045 467 BC014206 468 BC008660 469 AK125650 470 AF401218 471 AJ236912 472 AJ236876 473 AK001980 474 NM_005484 475 AF085734 476 PNK BC033822 477 NM_007254 478 704 AF125807 479 AF126486 480 AF120499 481 BC002519 482 BC009339 483 BC013034 484 Polb NM_002690 485 705 D29013 486 L11607 487 M13140 488 MSH2 NM_000251 489 706 BC021566 490 L47581 491 U04045 492 L47577 493 L47574 494 L47582 495 L47583 496 U03911 497 L47579 498 L47578 499 BX649122 500 L47580 501 L47576 502 L47575 503 BC001122 504 BC012599 505 PMS1 NM_000534 506 707 U13695 507 BC036376 508 BC008410 509 BT006947 510

TABLE 12 PMS2 NM_000535 511 708 U14658 512 BC031832 513 BC008400 514 XM_208368 515 AB116525 516 MLH3 NM_014381 517 709 AF195657 518 AB039667 519 Exonuclease1 NM_003686 520 AF091740 521 AF042282 522 NM_006027 523 710 BC007491 524 NM_130398 525 AF060479 526 AF084974 527 AL080139 528 Poli AF140501 529 NM_007195 530 711 BC032662 531 AF245438 532 AL136670 533 BC032617 534 BX649100 535 AK093688 536 Rad51 NM_002875 537 712 D14134 538 D13804 539 NM_133487 540 Rad51D NM_002878 541 713 Y15572 542 BC014422 543 BX647297 544 AB013341 545 NM_133627 546 AB016223 547 AF034956 548 BC002723 549 NM_133628 550 AL117459 551 NM_133630 552 AB016224 553 NM_133629 554 AB016225 555 AK097811 556 AB020412 557 AB018363 558 AB018360 559 AB018362 560 AB018361 561

TABLE 13 Xrcc2 BC042137 562 NM_005431 563 714 AF035587 564 Y08837 565 Rad54 NM_003579 566 715 X97795 567 BRCA1 NM_007295 568 716 NM_007296 569 NM_007294 570 NM_007306 571 NM_007302 572 NM_007297 573 U14680 574 AF005068 575 NM_007301 576 NM_007300 577 NM_007299 578 Ku80 NM_021141 579 717 M30938 580 BC019027 581 J04977 582 X57500 583 XRCC4 NM_022550 584 NM_003401 585 718 U40622 586 NM_022406 587 BC016314 588 AB017445 589 BC005259 590 BT007216 591 BC010655 592 Tin2 NM_012461 593 719 AF195512 594 BC019343 595 BC005030 596 AK023166 597 BX161478 598 Sir2 NM_012237 599 720 BC003012 600 BC003547 601 AK025876 602 AF095714 603 AF083107 604 NM_030593 605 AJ505014 606 AK054642 607 AF160214 608 AF131800 609 AK092940 610

TABLE 14 MGMT NM_002412 611 721 X54228 612 M60761 613 BC000824 614 M29971 615 BT006714 616 M31767 617 DUT NM_001948 618 722 AB049113 619 BC033645 620 U62891 621 U31930 622 L11877 623 M89913 624 AK000629 625 U90223 626 NM_182746 53 BC031061 54 AK022899 55 TIMELESS BC050557 627 BC031514 628 AB015597 629 AF098162 630 NM_003920 631 723 BC039842 632 AK022702 633 BX640990 634 AK000721 635 AY207390 636 AY207391 637

TABLE 15 SEQ ID NO Nucleotide Amino Gene Name Accession No. Sequence Acid Sequence Pif1 AF108138.1 810 909 BC033254.1 811 AK026345.1 812 910 NM_025049.1 813 911 BC018978.2 814 Mms4 NM_152463.1 815 912 AK021607.1 816 BC016470.2 817 913 AK055926.1 818 914 TopoisomeraseIIIa NM_004618.2 819 915 BC051748.1 820 916 AK126869.1 821 U43431.1 822 917 Mus81 NM_025128 823 918 AK126820.1 824 CR604400.1 825 CR601399.1 826 AL353934.1 827 919 AK024665.1 828 920 NM_025128.3 829 921 BC009999.2 830 922 AF425646.1 831 923 AK095326.1 832 SIRT1 (Sirtuin) NM_012238.3 833 924 BX648554.1 834 AF083106.2 835 925 AF235040.1 836 926 AL136741.1 837 AK027686.1 838 BC012499.1 839 927 AK074805.1 840 Esp1 NM_012291 841 928 BC047603.1 842 929 AK128350.1 843 AY455930.1 844 930 D79987.1 845 931 MPG NM_002434 846 932 M99626.1 847 933 NM_002434.1 848 934 CR619346.1 849 CR612592.1 850 CR606356.1 851 CR600098.1 852 CR598824.1 853 L10752.1 854 935 M74905.1 855 936 X56528.1 856 937 BC014991.1 857 938 M71215.1 858 939 S51033.1 859 940

TABLE 16 Poll NM_013274 860 941 AK128521.1 861 AK127896.1 862 942 BC068529.1 863 943 AJ131890.1 864 944 CR619817.1 865 CR615868.1 866 NM_013274.2 867 945 AF161019.1 868 946 AK021600.1 869 947 AK022476.1 870 948 AF218027.1 871 949 AF283478.1 872 950 BC003548.1 873 951 AK094956.1 874 Polm NM_013284 875 952 BC049202.1 876 953 BC062590.1 877 954 BC026306.1 878 955 AJ131891.2 879 956 CR620839.1 880 CR606869.1 881 NM_013284.1 882 957 AF176097.1 883 958 AK023002.1 884 959 AK092903.1 885 AK092801.1 886 960 BC035685.1 887 EndoV NM_173627 888 961 NM_173627.2 889 962 BC045824.1 890 963 BX647411.1 891 AK123689.1 892 964 BC059781.1 893 BC064545.1 894 965 CR617882.1 895 CR599326.1 896 AK056045.1 897 AK096802.1 898 AK096344.1 899 966 AK092539.1 900 967 BC037889.2 901 968 KNTC2 (NDC80) NM_006101 902 969 NM_006101.1 903 970 CR609890.1 904 BC010171.2 905 971 BC005239.1 906 BC035617.1 907 972 AF017790.1 908 973

Each of the aforementioned genes may be assigned multiple accession numbers even for the same gene due to the presence of polymorphisms in the nucleotide sequence or the like. These “polymorphisms” are not limited to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including a mutation of a single nucleotide by substitution, deletion, or insertion, and also include substitutions, deletions, and insertion mutations of several contiguous nucleotides. Thus, the nucleotide sequences of the aforementioned genes are not necessarily limited to sequences acquired according to the accession numbers described in Tables 1 to 16, or to the sequences described in SEQ ID NOs. 1 to 637 and 810 to 908. Similarly, the amino acid sequences of proteins encoded by the aforementioned genes are not particularly limited to the amino acid sequences described in SEQ ID NOs. 638 to 723 and 909 to 973.

The aforementioned proteins of the present invention are not limited to the amino acid sequences described in SEQ ID NOs. 638 to 723 and 909 to 973, and include proteins comprising amino acid sequences in which one or more of the amino acid residues in said amino acid sequences have been added, deleted, substituted, or inserted, and which are functionally equivalent to the proteins described in SEQ ID NOs. 638 to 723 and 909 to 973.

The chromosome stabilization-associated genes of the present invention (e.g., the aforementioned various genes) are normally of animal origin, more preferably of mammalian origin, and most preferably of human origin, but they are not particularly limited thereto.

Namely, the present invention is not limited to apoptosis-inducing agents specific for human cancer cells, and also includes apoptosis-inducing agents for cancer cells of nonhuman animals. Thus, nonhuman-animal homolog (counterpart) genes of the aforementioned genes are included in the genes of the present invention. For example, endogenous genes (e.g., homologs) in other animals corresponding to genes comprising each of the nucleotide sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 637 and 810 to 908 are included. Endogenous DNA of other animals corresponding to DNA comprising the nucleotide sequences generally has high homology with DNA described in the SEQ ID NOs above. High homology refers to homology of 50% or more, preferably 70% or more, more preferably 80% or more, and even more preferably 90% or more (for example, 95% or more, or further 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or more). The homology can be determined by the mBLAST algorithm (Altschul et al. (1990), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 2264-8; Karlin and Altschul (1993), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 5873-7). In addition, the homologous DNA is thought to hybridize under stringent conditions with DNA described in the above SEQ ID NOs if it has been isolated from the living body. Here, “stringent conditions” are, for example, “2×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 50° C.”, “2×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 42° C.”, or “1×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 37° C.”, and more stringent conditions are “2×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 65° C.”, “0.5×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 42° C.”, or “0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 65° C.”. Those skilled in the art are able to suitably acquire data (such as sequence data) relating to endogenous genes corresponding to each of the aforementioned genes of the present invention in other animals based on the nucleotide sequences described in the Sequence Listing.

In addition, the present invention provides compounds which inhibit expression of chromosome stabilization-associated genes (for example, any of the aforementioned genes).

Preferred examples of compounds of the present invention which inhibit expression of chromosome stabilization-associated genes (for example, any of the aforementioned genes) include double-strand RNA having an RNAi (RNA interference) effect on said genes. In general, the term “RNAi” refers to a phenomenon where target gene expression is inhibited by inducing disruption of the target gene mRNA. This disruption is caused by introducing into cells a double-stranded RNA that comprises, a) a sense RNA comprising a sequence homologous to the target gene mRNA sequence, and b) an antisense RNA comprising a sequence complementary to the sense RNA.

While details of the RNAi mechanism remains unclear, it is thought that an enzyme called DICER (a member of the RNase III nuclease family) decomposes double-stranded RNA into small fragments called “small interfering RNA” or “siRNA”, when it comes into contact with the double-stranded RNA. This siRNA is also included in the double-stranded RNA comprising RNAi activity of the present invention. Furthermore, DNAs that allow the expression of the double-stranded RNA of the present invention are also included in the present invention.

A preferred embodiment of the present invention provides a cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent comprising as an active ingredient a double-strand RNA capable of inhibiting expression of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes) by an RNAi effect (siRNA), where the double stranded RNA comprises a structure in which an RNA consisting of a nucleotide sequence described in any of SEQ ID NOs: 724 to 809 and 974 to 1063, is hybridized with an RNA consisting of a sequence complementary to said RNA.

For example, an example of a siRNA of the present invention comprising the nucleotide sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 724 (5′-ggaaaaucuggccacucucTT-3′) is an RNA molecule having the structure shown below.

5′-ggaaaaucuggccacucuc-3′    ||||||||||||||||||| 3′-ccuuuuagaccggugagag-5′

(In the Above Structure, “|” Indicates a Hydrogen Bond.)

Molecules having a structure in which one end of the above RNA molecule is closed, such as siRNA having a hairpin structure (shRNA), are also included in the present invention. Namely, molecules able to form a double-stranded RNA structure within the molecules are also included in the present invention.

For example, a molecule such as 5′-ggaaaaucuggccacucuc (xxxx)n gagaguggccagauuuucc-3′ is also included in the present invention. (The above “(xxxx)n” represents a polynucleotide consisting of an arbitrary number of nucleotides or sequences.)

A preferred embodiment of the aforementioned siRNA is a double strand RNA able to inhibit expression of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes) by an RNAi effect (siRNA), comprising a structure in which an RNA consisting of a nucleotide sequence described in any of SEQ ID NOs: 724 to 809 and 974 to 1063 is hybridized with an RNA consisting of a sequence complementary to the RNA. However, double-strand RNA, for example, having a structure in which one or more ribonucleotides are added to or deleted from an end of the double-strand RNA, for example, is also included in the present invention.

Specifically, the present invention provides DNAs (vectors) that allow the expression of a double-stranded RNA of the present invention. These DNAs (vectors) that allow the expression of a double-stranded RNA of the present invention are typically DNAs comprising a structure where a DNA encoding one strand of the double-stranded RNA, and a DNA encoding the other strand of the double-stranded RNA, are operably linked to a promoter. Those skilled in the art can readily prepare an above-described DNA of the present invention with routinely used genetic engineering techniques. More specifically, expression vectors of the present invention can be prepared by appropriately inserting DNA encoding an RNA of the present invention into various known expression vectors.

Although RNA used for RNAi is not required to be completely identical (homologous) to a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes) or a partial region of the gene, it is preferably completely identical (homologous).

The present invention's double-strand RNA having RNAi effects is normally double-strand RNA comprising sense RNA consisting of a sequence homologous with an arbitrary contiguous RNA region in the mRNA of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes), and an antisense RNA consisting of a sequence complementary to the sense RNA. The length of the “arbitrary contiguous RNA region” is normally 20 to 30 bases, and preferably 21 to 23 bases. An example includes, but is not necessarily limited to, the length of an siRNA, having as one of the strands, an RNA described in any of SEQ ID NOs: 724 to 809 and 974 to 1063. However, even in the case of a long-strand RNA that does not have RNAi effects as is, the length of the double-stranded RNA of the present invention is not limited since the long-stand is expected to be degraded into siRNA having RNAi effects in cells. In addition, long double-strand RNA corresponding to the entire length or nearly the entire length of the mRNA of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes) can be degraded in advance with, for example, DICER, and the resulting degradation product can be used as an apoptosis-inducing agent of the present invention. This degradation product is expected to contain a double-strand RNA molecule (siRNA) having RNAi effects. In this method, it is not particularly required to select an mRNA region that is expected to have an RNAi effect. Namely, it is not necessarily required to accurately define a region on mRNA of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes) that has an RNAi effect. However, the various types of siRNA used in the Examples described later are more preferred.

In general, double-strand RNA having an overhang of several nucleotides on an end is known to have strong RNAi effects. Double-stranded RNAs of the present invention preferably have an overhang of several nucleotides on an end. The length of the nucleotides which form the overhang is not particularly limited. This overhang may be DNA or RNA. For example, the overhang preferably has two nucleotides. In the present invention, double-strand RNA having an overhang comprises, for example, TT (two thymines), UU (two uracils), or other nucleotides (most preferably molecules having double-strand RNA consisting of 19 bases and an overhang consisting of 2 nucleotides (TT)) can be preferably used. Molecules in which the nucleotides forming the overhang in this manner are DNA, and sequences homologous to a target mRNA sequence, are also included in the double-strand RNA of the present invention.

Examples of siRNA molecules of the present invention where the nucleotides of the overhang portion are TT include molecules having TT added to the 3′ side thereof, such as the molecule indicated below.

5′-ggaaaaucuggccacucucTT-3′    ||||||||||||||||||| 3′-TTccuuuuagaccggugagag-5′

The aforementioned “double-strand RNA having an RNAi effect on a chromosome stabilization-associated gene” of the present invention can be suitably produced by those skilled in the art based on the nucleotide sequence of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes) targeted by said double-strand RNA. A nucleotide sequence of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes) can be easily acquired from a public gene database as described above. As an example, double-strand RNA of the present invention can be produced based on a nucleotide sequence described in any of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 637 and 810 to 908. Namely, the selection of an arbitrary contiguous RNA region of mRNA, which is a transcription product of any of the nucleotide sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 637 and 810 to 908, based on that sequence, and the production of double-strand RNA corresponding to that region, can be easily carried out by those skilled in the art. In addition, methods for selecting an siRNA sequence having more potent RNAi effects from an mRNA sequence which is a transcript of said sequences can be suitably carried out by those skilled in the art with reference to, for example, the following documents: Reynold et al. Nature biotechnology 22. 326-330 (2004), Ui-Tei et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 32. 936-948 (2004), Boese Q, Leake D, Reynolds A, Read S, Scaringe S A, Marshall W S, Khvorova A. Mechanistic insights aid computational short interfering RNA design. Methods Enzymol. 2005; 392:73-96., Snove O Jr, Nedland M, Fjeldstad S H, Humberset H, Birkeland O R, Grunfeld T, Saetrom P. Designing effective siRNAs with off-target control. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004; 325(3):769-73., Yiu S M, Wong P W, Lam T W, Mui Y C, Kung H F, Lin M, Cheung Y T. Filtering of Ineffective siRNAs and Improved siRNA Design Tool. Bioinformatics. 200515; 21(2):144-51, Chalk A M, Wahlestedt C, Sonnhammer E L. Improved and automated prediction of effective siRNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004; 319(1):264-74., Amarzguioui M, Prydz H. An algorithm for selection of functional siRNA sequences. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004; 316(4):1050-8., Sioud M, Leirdal M. Potential design rules and enzymatic synthesis of siRNAs. Methods Mol Biol. 2004; 252:457-69. In addition, if one of the strands has been determined (for example, a nucleotide sequence described in any of SEQ ID NOs: 724 to 809 and 974 to 1063), the nucleotide sequence of the other strand (complementary strand) can be easily determined by those skilled in the art. siRNA can be suitably produced by those skilled in the art using a commercially available nucleic acid synthesizer. To synthesize a desired RNA, custom synthesis services are also available.

All of the nucleotides in the siRNA of the present invention are not necessarily required to be ribonucleotides (RNA). Namely, in the present invention, one or more of the ribonucleotides which compose the siRNA may be the corresponding deoxyribonucleotides. This “corresponding” means that the nucleotides have identical base species (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine (uracil)), but the structure of the sugar portion is different. For example, the deoxyribonucleotide corresponding to a ribonucleotide having adenine means a deoxyribonucleotide having adenine. In addition, the above “more” is not limited to a particular number but preferably means a small number around 2 to 5.

It is not essential to have information on the full-length nucleotide sequence of a gene (the target gene) from which the double-stranded RNA of the present invention is derived. It is enough that the arbitrary RNA region comprising consecutive nucleotides (for example, 20 to 30 nucleotides) which is to be selected has been identified. Thus, the double-stranded RNA of the present invention can be prepared based on the nucleotide sequence of a fragment of a gene, such as an Expressed Sequence Tag (EST), whose mRNA sequence has been determined partially, but not completely. The accession numbers and names of EST sequences in the GenBank database with a high homology to the aforementioned genes are shown below. However, this list includes only a few examples of the many EST sequences. Those skilled in the art can readily obtain sequence information on appropriate EST fragments from public databases.

Mcm10: BQ230201, CK000876, BX324498, BM466246, BI086715, BE561621, BM781578, BE397209, BM781561, BF797760, BE268770, AI33628, BI860489, CA488245, BE018388, BM794417, AI005288, AV759891, BE536223, AI078425, BI023355, CB120985, AA305452, BX324497, AI636632, CB143720, BM465842, BM833978, AI962581, BE206240, BE536858, BQ432059, BX099770, BX346400, BE890219, BU542039, AI750442, BU542210, BQ929138, BG323332, AA312197, BG942019, BM755471, AA091854, BX346399, BG493975, T97047, BU615340, BG777950, BU618352, BG323324 Orc1: BM556110, AL558857, AL528479, AL530422, AU125429, BQ229865, BX370588, AL563154, BU552785, BQ055912, CD642483, BE903488, BU854876, BM908744, BF205157, BX372245, BQ230059, BX110476, BM743410, BG821765, AL530421, BI222366, BU198520, BF796650, BM476715, AL552393, AU127396, BM740840, BE781976, AL580583, BG391980, BM852299, CD654548, BQ423782, AW378723, AL582531, AL561250, BU194186, BQ048846, BG822626, AL552501, BU854819, BQ433201, BE782505, BG257286, BX281133, CF140351, BF795920, BG390855, BG831652, BF794915, BF797918, BG325714, AI651655, BM833692, BQ883238, BX474-463, AI038384, AU129034, BP431296, BG328342, BP430683, H51719, AI739661, T96858, BE782390, BU630113, BG025019, BE937466, AA332534, AI343281, AU149094, BP430714, BI087773, AW393255, AU151220, BE076727, AI452809, AW877655, AI003527, AI391554, AW602975, AW877662, AA633915, BF108860, AU149996, T96859, R83277 Orc3: BM478060, BU509511, BQ718539, BU153003, AL533919, BQ220405, AU118962, BM550235, BG187255, AU117920, BQ719965, BQ716606, BQ953945, BU166296, AU119182, BI769170, BI819545, CD655888, BX409716, BI520392, BG214275, BI770086, BI091781, BM802602, BG187780, BU170385, BI769508, BX433033, BX507848, AU124361, BX488094, BM785800, BG205874, CD679490, BX490513, CB153029, AW967051, BM826548, AU139285, BG572634, AL533918, CB152486, AU136510, BE536929, BX352629, BQ102522, AW369628, AW449272, BF672680, BE882468, BX343146, BG943457, BF698289, CD702536, BF667912, AU280292, CA842624, BF674961, BF184165, BQ441255, BF794512, CD699734, AL600904, BX462706, BF215571, AL709158, AV753736, AI904063, CB123265, BX486937, BG214276, CD245870, BF059711, AI651375, BQ102253, AL711211, BF964587, AW500090, BM751168, CB963370, BI862225, AA442539, AW887723, AW801684, AV708200, BM152858, H17704, BF683230, BM848524, BQ772810, BQ361466, AL710982, CD242978, H11812, AA305227, AW607564, H94935, BU632641, BX328353, BI255412 Cdc6: AL562624, AL521818, BM465884, BQ064897, BX451346, BX349920, BU846236, BQ675107, BI260747, BU633837, BG256606, BM464160, BQ228599, BG252312, BM559225, AL521819, BE907412, BQ070080, BU619893, BF698043, BE741201, AL526150, BG765988, BU173127, BF699051, AA502608, BG165110, AU129648, CA488634, BM450676, BF028885, CB135870, BF185000, BG026757, CA429336, BF977528, BF240966, BG766090, AI478744, BM803439, AA045217, AA813386, BE565947, BF571756, AL710150, BF307679, AA723372, BG721945, AI433558, BF208758, BI559407, BX482661, BF102841, BE779410, BQ441118, N69246, BF310791, CF123750, BI006635, BQ775002, AA907374, BM011340, CA429634, W03300, BM845715, AA113790, BF210909, BM706052, H59204, BI255053, AI424746, H59203, AI052065, BE073887, BE550416, AI341585, BG025851, BF221502, T83032, T90351, BG720011, AI953729, AI699473, BF115521, BF223422, AI808683, BE085836, AI699980, BX355209, BE086769, AW518847, AA099980, BE965778, AA836395, AI766778, BE869748, AI802324, AA584340, BE693538, AI567411 Cdt1: BX332414, BQ935210, BU931977, BM811548, BU849056, BQ062875, BQ053758, BU187852, BX406047, AL555432, BQ278148, BX402195, BU845736, AL580756, BQ058496, AL581992, BX332413, AL557066, BU930971, BM016975, BX421258, BU190377, BQ960305, BG824304, AL520240, BM917547, BQ053108, AL582018, BG393757, AL520239, BF791881, BM019024, AL556319, BI092793, BI258203, AL559054, AL527465, AL558613, BU856820, AL524910, AL580393, BX333703, BQ063175, BG259986, BI335580, BG327660, BM556535, BI222927, BG251456, AL520887, BI224536, BI335105, AL524909, BQ053124, BI093258, BG745159, BX405984, AL515463, BE910713, AL518299, BQ054892, BQ053069, BI333817, AL518300, BU189533, BI260243, BF972427, BQ684815, BM695575, BQ652285, BQ649771, BQ647760, BQ647212, BQ645148, BG822442, AL581566, BQ652445, BQ649937, BE544515, AL577935, BX405983, BM927844, BE727635, AL515464, BU176676, BU931060, BU859159, BX366934, BX355022, BM800496, BM463356, BG389325, BU164161, BE388067, BX464574, BE778380, BF237902, BU158281, BM917445, BM809482 Geminin: BM550773, AL522354, BI092791, BX375519, BX414734, AL562503, BI861855, BM471496, AL518006, BQ⁴³⁰⁵⁷⁸, AL580178, BG577005, BG032232, AL525229, AL518005, AL522353, CA417249, AU118695, BQ645204, BG612964, BI855710, BQ718513, BG577324, BI086620, AL558330, BG776051, BG777134, BE893489, BF967933, BG776192, AW996997, BF666338, BQ015308, BQ064691, CD366250, BE910343, BM699599, BG776218, BF029154, BU629613, CB992796, BG825264, BE613337, CB131959, CB049968, BQ772723, BE564333, BI759810, BF666672, BF808421, BF700297, BG337926, BE565866, BG776386, CD367234, BF213350, CB136099, BI830428, BG612435, BE535264, BQ575533, BF667576, BG505022, AA447810, CA442918, BU623074, BF696555, AA393139, CD708137, BF699912, BF967209, BF056288, CA503202, CA312813, BG530534, BF109418, AV756510, BG778341, AA235222, BI093913, BF248391, AI968057, CD686529, BU685799, BG777305, AV734242, AV689368, BF240393, AW006287, AI828103, BF003138, CB049969, BF947954, BF594599, BE048465, BG429246, BG180421, AI803434, AV734302, BE219705 Mcm3: BM467763, AL551465, BQ066322, BQ061652, AL559830, BQ059704, BM471050, BU849776, AL545116, BQ063041, BU541430, BU860117, BM542415, AU124791, BU857116, BM453648, BQ056448, BM927480, BQ218351, BQ057647, BQ940737, AU119321, BX462455, BQ898140, CF995699, BI772155, AL549372, BQ214499, BU856617, BM007763, BI223143, BQ652945, BQ649476, BU509755, BQ058522, BQ641758, BQ064200, BG281527, AU133404, BE249947, BU601317, BU154249, BQ927115, BI457651, BX462766, BU558287, BQ051029, BM917594, AU134083, BM561561, CD656673, BQ422727, BQ058080, BM478599, BQ881515, BE795211, BI196606, BG034961, BE892181, BQ649956, BM479437, BG765473, AL527918, BE560376, BI261474, BI599305, BX348989, BE793456, BM461732, BE620320, BE783059, BE799563, BE561200, BQ064568, BE620857, BG681460, BE616575, AU124152, BM832703, BG392301, BG259417, AW083217, BI086286, BQ650935, BI259905, BG686972, CD642696, BI091236, CD655620, BI551396, BE778348, BG773437, BU193733, BE274144, BE891644, AW732422, AU131124, BG742232, BU178300, AU123260 Mcm4: BX363316, BM557639, BM479183, BU163628, BX341147, BQ956710, BQ689703, BU855555, BM423607, BQ689028, BQ684773, BU149764, BM917541, BQ877570, BQ962733, BQ213101, BQ679476, BQ931933, BQ670123, BQ680471, BQ878671, BU196152, BQ218770, BQ687458, BQ058022, BU838204, BQ231069, AU124599, BQ060869, AI936566, BQ066067, BQ066435, BU182872, BQ065206, BQ061896, AL710281, AU125558, BM560344, AU124716, AU130095, BX341146, BQ060907, BG683134, AU131502, BM909380, BI259276, BQ676347, BQ054534, BU601939, BQ056963, BQ883247, AU124662, AU134265, BQ681631, BI092911, AU124469, BU151359, AU131979, BU860012, BQ058401, AU126357, BE740475, BG772025, BU154598, BF058934, BQ670493, BI520579, BQ681697, CD643530, CD655257, BQ948077, BE796484, BQ681384, AI738700, BF569146, AU124670, BQ772225, BI117233, AI923706, BX100324, BF059052, BQ652623, AU131348, CF265157, CF594355, BU940867, BG339157, BF116228, BQ682913, BG029854, BG421025, BG248645, BI223223, BE891270, BE741088, AU130533, BG684174, BQ675821, BI830911, AU136189 Mcm5: BX446933, BX443180, BU179314, BX465121, BX360307, BQ219621, BQ059059, BX374727, BM560991, BM802651, BU148505, BM478574, BM480184, BX407417, BM558890, BU538182, BX331301, BX465031, BQ893665, BQ671418, BM559170, BX331344, BU156108, BQ645833, BQ069574, BX458285, BQ895922, BQ057750, BQ054136, BQ957762, BX367432, BG767144, BQ065023, BQ055590, BM470663, BU839673, BQ065213, BX368805, BU192073, BQ065931, BQ232104, BM917136, BQ880654, BX346462, BU163845, BQ672003, BQ434878, BQ647973, BG770644, BU557340, BU165017, BG760478, BQ671606, BU541449, BQ670216, BQ649375, BI086963, BQ669996, BI909897, BQ935556, BM043366, BQ642797, BU195081, BQ222354, BU190738, BI869446, BX346537, BQ066237, BG770167, BU557310, BX465120, BX388269, BQ943544, BQ069268, BQ679299, BQ683703, BG576914, BX341163, BM051781, BM719141, BQ440728, BQ431588, BQ643976, BX381461, BU845031, BU839453, BQ213876, BX407118, AU131148, BG685544, BU178502, BQ929382, BU556785, BM457715, BU166135, BM927634, BE735173, BX428497, BX407353, BE253723 Mcm6: BM563815, BQ689609, BU178707, BU185218, BM917146, BU180530, BQ691498, BM917702, BQ721374, BQ430793, BQ710328, BQ276415, AU124829, BM551692, BM457121, BQ919455, BQ688139, BQ685964, BQ424418, BM453163, BQ671824, AU143594, BU542273, BU146898, BU178966, BQ072203, BM461535, AU131056, AU133299, AU125636, BU180371, BE383991, BU181929, BQ691761, AU125495, BG686841, CD242701, BG685821, AU117647, BX483567, BM564401, BG390247, AU133321, BI870675, BI084962, BE731324, BI084168, BG532524, AU126102, BM803211, BE734309, BM450955, BG419290, BU146822, BM013848, BG680470, CD643818, BU176030, BM917579, BM045567, BE733405, BG877987, BG538573, AU142944, AU130133, AU124506, BE796828, AU137338, BG253660, BQ879136, BG386500, BM048943, BG914034, AU124893, BX451899, BM012817, BG389994, BG030690, BE731558, BG877979, BE407913, BG878155, BX416717, BE385730, AU128720, BE618973, BE268695, BX118733, BG256582, BG878151, BE513514, BG877982, BG335342, BE281191, BE778969, BM842510, BG878152, BG877994, BU506698, BE280389 Mcm7: BX446600, BM916932, AL555833, BM451540, BX342306, BX424231, BQ279230, BM462954, BM468766, BU500250, BM803547, BM557336, BX443366, BQ070647, AL561620, BX355367, BM908241, BQ924446, BQ887320, BM912799, CD108811, BX324854, BQ643995, BM463747, BU183306, BM927622, BQ055649, BQ053452, BX428085, BQ673910, BM921077, BQ887860, BQ883251, BU147232, BQ071179, BQ935246, BQ652903, BQ883056, BQ674104, BQ641811, BQ053620, BM917214, BU162886, BQ052004, BQ891995, BQ878240, BQ953990, BQ063971, BX405959, BQ898941, BQ061151, BQ054401, BQ917453, BM564271, BU189313, BQ058499, BU161199, BM469583, BQ218009, BI522846, BU855416, BQ056795, BQ643247, BQ069037, BQ920442, AU125112, BU194965, BU854868, BU183465, BQ720104, BQ228405, BQ214543, BQ064840, BQ650571, BQ642612, AU125755, BQ956957, BU526752, BE740091, AL561593, BU165222, BE792286, BQ643233, BQ676107, BQ070446, BQ225752, BQ670399, BQ932333, BM810332, CD051232, BU527906, BU942698, BI335520, BQ057726, BM554740, BE799854, AU124962, BM914800, BI825746, BX324853 Mcm8: BQ055956, BQ070426, BM454681, BU556999, BM904262, BQ441929, BM559514, BM808018, BM459480, BM808016, BQ070219, BM009484, BQ940417, BU162199, BM558689, BM912457, BQ434761, BI862190, BM810194, CD642958, BG422937, BG338287, BM015340, BI859244, BG762185, BU509003, BG420680, BG023796, BF309111, BM453735, BM466057, CA495297, BF306586, BE513731, BI086506, BM009302, BX504348, BE898012, BG338630, AW955317, BE273079, BG827920, BG396259, BE269095, BM793002, CF137101, BF308208, BM913291, CA425682, AW960988, BX282225, BG168597, BF973469, BE278386, AV645497, AA325061, BE311854, BG339877, BF754616, W94454, CB136734, BI225492, BG434327, CA445505, BG761050, W25728, BM751186, BE842789, BM825974, BU955551, BF127844, BQ007416, CD299273, AI086063, BE928109, BF088599, AA225696, BQ071854, AA226268, AW440309, AA370141, AA193063, BQ334627, AW845751, W94336, AA609373, CA436668, AI609077, BQ320963, AA563920, AI537281, AI200790, BG259140, AI219139, AA192859 Cdc7: CA441701, BG170872, BM463748, AL044123, BE789148, AU120443, AU129167, AU116849, AW968900, AW574512, BI462237, AL602215, BM789148, CB959717, AL039323, AA814975, AA936081, BG721963, BU657893, CB216422, AU117631, AA768993, AA131310, BF366907, W76628, N40295, BF982876, AA488999, AW405542, AL044122, BF031756, BQ221549, AA291015, BX419687, BF696442, AA488783, CD523327, BG116756, D20593, CD689440, BG116838, BU568048, CD642993 Cdc5: BX350355, BU192616, BQ427813, BQ961587, BI222621, BQ962695, BX331396, CD107746, BQ427606, BE275179, BF982513, BU195085, BX483740, AL558731, BG431157, BM450338, BM925609, BU073210, BG028239, CB306835, AL706102, BG178910, BF025810, BX446071, BU508497, BM718344, BX349125, BQ423785, BM505336, BF977508, BI823054, CD103634, AL135197, AU135978, BF132826, CB160730, AL710914, AI679458, BE617311, BG390164, AW959030, BU933396, BF217466, BG502998, BM894208, AW268817, CF135420, BM146535, BU071659, BE884277, CD101983, BF035463, BG424071, AI143113, AA044750, CF143619, BG722285, BM127700, BG327622, AI122932, BM804765, AV682172, AW954903, AI279537, AL580487, BM894481, BE781164, CK024078, AV762357, BF744457, BM834441, BG121920, BE541230, BF679988, AA811533, AI221677, BG897659, CB052718, AU136923, BU623810, BG497404, CA448370, BF813646, BI048250, BF214089, AU131684, BG540599, BG942273, AA191036, BP429997, AA249176, AL710062, BE140574, AU127833, BG614948, BE140795, AI583919, AI909768, BI918547, BF795413 Psf1: BM458856, BU171017, BM450503, BX384069, BQ070512, AW499844, BM151985, AA860312, BF692084, BU430742, AI190765, BQ440331, BM152648, AA725561, AA383128, BM465819, BU659306, BI333600, AA355925, BG910353, BI223929, BF892016, AU099454, AL044646, AI184188, N39921, N39947, AU076561, AL597443 Psf2: BU597296, BU184963, BM449472, BM043804, BF683514, BF311745, BE514071, BE513254, BE382866, BQ277667, BQ229290, BG825252, BG772776, BG284180, BG104289, BF795157, AU126087, BF035586, BE796384, BE795838, BE795306, BE561044, BE274253, BE312319, AW249012, CK001498, AL560880, AL560669, BQ233393, BG420251, BE267495, BE258240, CA455226, BE251065, BU957713, BE791539, BE267221, BX415204, BI196248, BG118214, AL529785, BU595469, BF310321, BI257993, BF684568, BE561525, BE251621, BG475509, BG527542, BE793125, BE562088, BG519560, BG475384, BE259285, BU601226, BG339264, BX456910, AV712739, BF312439, AL526847, BU603101, BE260083, BI832397, BU940719, BE255698, BE514978, AA521273, BG469677, BF209856, AL563552, AI828992, AI583174, AL582217, CB112523, BF238335, BG531588, CB129701, BF312015, BE878751, BU625683, AL582077, BE222543, AA262870, AL562756, AW958853, BU506537, BQ361100, AA251319, BM832297, BE296429, AI827298, AL560926, BE907417, BU729618, BE799212, BE268868, BM126492, BE262182, AA053046, AL582250 Psf3: BQ231741, BQ948256, BI489800, AL555105, AL524624, BM904357, AL525185, BX406244, AL529159, AL550963, AL524746, BI753591, BI770007, AL561070, BM016893, BG387533, BQ422835, BE782757, BF316873, BF797649, BG765190, BF796771, BM925118, BM722252, BG769825, CF141388, CD676320, BE749159, AL711201, BE297646, AW674872, BQ645203, BM926055, CD693113, BM804294, BG257517, CF552524, BM786881, BF797402, AU142374, BE208552, BF239248, BF310190, BQ890204, BE256868, BG249299, BE907809, W79671, BM754989, BX328153, BU939987, BE281396, CA430225, BQ304813, BQ027991, BM542908, BF769732, BG744402, AA353408, BP430213, BM564422 Cdc45: BM550683, BX366266, BX358668, BM478173, BX345270, BX355266, BX366366, BM557094, BM557313, BX358667, BX346442, BX371229, BX352708, BX366365, BX451104, BX352909, BX349664, BX331394, BX328445, BQ069733, BX448615, CA454819, BX448616, BX447114, BX349663, BU184174, BX328421, BQ427880, BX328446, BX451105, BX352910, BX334120, BX409672, BQ214084, BU171037, BQ233704, BX391089, BE747427, BX346464, BX428526, BX422691, BX331393, BX367431, BX367477, BX391088, BX367513, BX325504, BX352709, BX362080, BX367505, BF026159, BE869669, BX325558, BX366268, BE260534, CB124085, BX371230, BG122390, BG387745, BG252967, BG180337, BE897594, BX367410, BM917964, BX346526, BX328422, BQ674776, BM912689, BQ436443, BF965716, BX376594, BG720395, BF125841, BI546622, BQ216400, BU537659, AL711006, CF139190, BU618386, BX367472, BX328725, AI768340, CA454402, AW081615, BX366267, BM751026, BX328423, BE795241, BU618460, BE255146, BG386934, AI369688, BX367409, AW674262, BE903958, AW674908, AA700904, BX389190, CF141215, BE501602 Pola p180: BU508486, AL543898, AU121118, CB134498, AU132112, BX327138, BQ883339, CB121808, AW674983, CB149914, CB140712, CB152927, BQ882043, AL570197, BF210579, BE835570, BE818389, AA379019, BE837514, BQ312037, BE837504, AI354751, BM475170, CB122291, AL044294, BE771020, AA355814, BQ351870, AW589637, AA383406, BE717631, R72191, BX117096, AA828105, BF888988, AI261685, BE163167, BE817842, CD000139, CB999470, BF899310, BG926114 Pola p70: BU508486, AL543898, AU121118, CB134498, AU132112, BX327138, BQ883339, CB121808, AW674983, CB149914, CB140712, CB152927, BQ882043, AL570197, BF210579, BE835570, BE818389, AA379019, BE837514, BQ312037, BE837504, A354751, BM475170, CB122291, AL044294, BE771020, AA355814, BQ351870, AW589637, AA383406, BE717631, R72191, BX117096, AA828105, BF888988, AI261685, BE163167, BE817842, CD000139, CB999470, BF899310, BG926114 Pola Spp1(Prim2a): AL556161, AL513776, BM546142, AL549894, BX401418, BU187783, BM459297, BU193561, BI523986, BI907286, BG034836, BG215267, CF595567, CA406143, BX280180, BM926617, BF572603, BQ947185, BX404971, BM852865, BM756079, BI547222, BF978626, AL578476, BF747008, BX401417, AL573915, BF745947, AV757142, CF140555, AI557036, T75233, BF745931, BF744295, BM464505, AA465014, T10253, BG183395, BE697488, BG205656, BG209815, BG195945, AA434502, CB113799, BG184433, BF746454, BE766105, AA361880, AA255550, BG191366, BE766167, BE766098, BE766038, BE765690, BE769157, N80963, AI216670, BX114039, AW951150, N80656, BE714429, AA255569, BE843957, R61073, BE714404, BF000349, AA093814, BE538394, T93658, R00642, F12922, BE543709, BF172325, T05292, BQ001605, CA411912, BX455830, BM551302 RPA70: BM456944, BQ222582, AU119564, AL576308, AU124434, AU125631, AU122638, BM556841, BQ222302, BM542894, BU177749, BU508590, BM456314, BM466291, BG108961, BX425090, BU633264, BU153418, BU184357, BU517134, BG251944, BG828190, BG764082, BI858388, BG758555, BG035161, BG287240, BF796027, BG036436, BG826869, BX488619, BF971387, BM790584, BG119012, BG765594, BG685852, BE292972, BG761657, BE898956, BE743787, BE897915, BF983057, BF665538, BM792560, BI253949, BG755233, AU125797, BE178302, BI093003, BG120570, BQ218906, BM743518, BM742537, BF698180, BE178464, CD579303, BM848213, BM844440, CF121414, BF344035, BM838207, BE927446, CB121597, BE542431, BF664182, CB115068, BM847443, CD580024, BM848384, BF028723, BM851538, BE927448, BE773962, BE773949, BF751549, BM016568, BQ214159, AA460805, BE764622, AU128580, BG029093, BF082772, BX339968, CB130706, BQ230034, BM711058, CB160550, BE927450, BU501405, BE932015, BE773964, BF699259, BF919259, BE932029, BM541370, BM462468, BE171973, BM845370, BX477548, AL553255 RPA34: BX333932, BQ064852, BX442975, BQ069120, BQ943330, BQ063763, BQ674220, AU118399, BQ059648, AU143441, BQ673815, BQ439053, BQ278675, BU856528, BE741729, BQ066157, BG825398, BQ668543, BI600038, BQ641985, BI757393, BG333934, BQ054635, BQ070050, BQ066715, BI518754, AI419040, BE271646, BQ063545, BQ058415, AI890508, BM543895, BG336979, BE898769, BI818496, BG421195, BE901546, BG469742, BE887147, AU134052, BI756891, BF308713, BM312218, BE902956, BG433978, BG334708, AI744901, BG254134, BU943380, AI929664, CA488595, BE298500, BG826547, BE394497, BI599375, CK002534, BG779099, BE313107, BE298150, BG501316, BG826213, AU129936, BQ059808, AU126353, BI113916, BE297131, BG424340, BQ642824, BI193274, BI546749, BG716673, BQ055902, BG777777, BG428439, BE019650, AV762431, CD687322, CA842220, BE898527, BE294795, BG616118, BG615827, BF791819, BE568731, BQ059622, BQ054654, BG436837, BF686542, CD702944, CD710078, BG479643, BE898609, BM698831, BQ924421, BE394931, AI961707, BX283385, AA641800, CB145745, BF692608 PCNA: BM464765, AL547405, BU162573, BQ233597, BM923901, BM475636, BM809424, BU506972, AL549034, AL549068, BI254350, BU187589, BG686220, BQ716438, BM477662, BM542830, AL572455, BM474328, BQ231284, BU195180, BU161781, BG774625, BQ681114, BQ649204, BU634227, BM474327, BI765443, BM979950, CD519986, BU626265, BQ682146, BI767353, BG707111, BQ679867, BG755768, CD367344, BI254540, BG166783, BQ014636, BI598197, BM977646, BU624262, BG686801, BM016212, CA442951, CA443088, BM976306, BU628431, BQ009665, BE889822, BE738456, AA910951, BQ218579, BI829094, BI226337, BQ050978, CD238945, BG503955, BE888544, CD367010, BQ429019, BM466077, AI348072, AA843679, BE739511, BG540339, BF685141, BM842748, BM829821, AI25272, BU656120, AV717345, BU154500, BI831672, BG533644, BM850147, BQ016237, CB529827, CA446890, BQ447329, BM781704, BG503385, CD364739, BG614065, BG290688, BQ681737, BE887284, BE883191, BG613869, BE746433, CB529409, BQ016228, BQ003193, BG502601, BX473856, CA443057, AV649575, BM995025, BU154811, BG532459 Elg1: BX435523, CD643489, AW976468, CB161634, CB051111, BE551573, AW514252, BE042824, AI621250, AI623298, BF669931, AA651909, AW450012, BG389184, CD644045, AA972691, AU149697, BU509262, AA724028, AU126948, AI656767, BI094506, BU428574, BF243394, BE886708, BX102408, AA744478, W87913, BF212165, BE834403, AA857981, AA136031, AA703271, D29036, BE152409, BX109066, H56423, H68973, BE005696, BX461696, AA610813, BE834436, BM312382, AI078312, BG207827, N90506, BG197401, BM724358, CB051112, BE148289, AA806690, AW978010, BX108248, BX104136, AL712199, BG619264, BE163388, AA976805, AA707097, AA705010, AA702235, AA436301, AA436174, H59615, BU682299, BF993160 FEN1: BU538692, BX397634, BQ058498, BX424210, BX333531, BU170538, BX443166, BU860300, BQ888965, BQ880548, CA489528, BX433300, BM015629, BX448621, AL560007, AL531350, BX331605, BU535646, BQ957039, BU931957, BX445725, BG828048, BU167885, BM561765, BM560757, BG575417, BU931950, AL519300, BQ918754, BM546237, BX425258, BQ642352, BU538026, BQ641309, BU178840, BU553925, BQ690414, BU539094, BG574950, BX448789, BG337603, BM552061, BQ053379, BQ424018, BF686180, BU176039, BG676364, BQ064038, BU170972, CA454699, BU859837, BI3116779, AL560377, AL560395, BE793493, BG576479, BE792164, BG756459, BG773958, BE311755, BE796307, BG474425, BI767742, BX394237, BM542385, BE795541, BI827898, BU931956, BE799080, BE397382, BQ050062, BE796569, BI3117469, BQ227585, BI3115669, BE780262, BE274648, BQ946363, CF131987, BM917670, BG825257, BU189559, BM803891, BU856251, BU165752, BE794075, BE793759, BQ777102, BI256835, BU541327, BU152651, BE799325, CD243456, BQ278519, BQ219034, BG287218, BI334366, BI116455, BE798996, BG472198 DNA2: BX390869, BX329314, AL527195, BG289876, BI869219, BX384719, CD644575, BG106738, BE866952, BG117032, BG036343, BG177711, BE748018, AW134972, AA284382, BG501340, BX384718, AW369063, AW369067, BU658975, BF213278, AW367239, AA282895, BE085640, BQ435874, C20980, BG944343, CD514528, AA974495, AA830575, AA767191, AA748680, AA282803, AW977920, AA732685, AW367310, BF089037, AI186294, AW361984, AI940759, AI940744, AA812151, BF357542, AI248069, W86421, AW378978, BG961093, R05855, BI091087, BI091081, BG505976 Ligase1: BI916625, BM555654, BX325045, BU154275, BM044202, BM548700, AL530699, BG743952, BG678604, BU168385, BG774713, BM015149, BG825382, BG681554, BI755126, BU152699, BU543078, BG744633, AU120968, BX329161, BE747873, BM472230, BG257399, BI856896, AU143382, BE794374, BE744087, BM763360, AU120985, BG327553, BE512655, BE873444, AL570759, AL042689, BG747144, BX325044, BE047619, BQ072622, BF038182, BU159409, BM013639, CD579385, BM794429, BF529953, BQ923144, BE297514, BE263744, BQ648677, BG257587, BX362172, BG251839, BF205184, AL558263, BI765243, BM917641, BE512703, AU128254, BE294485, BQ644838, BG024771, CB109099, BQ654248, AA306774, BM711430, BG177788, BX370252, BM846234, CB270211, BI025622, BE257136, BM975458, BM819487, BE266691, BX475022, AL530700, BQ231386, BQ071175, AL710126, AL705975, AL705915, AL697933, BM749091, BI463850, AL602262, BG333926, BG116773, BE294757, BX362173, BM456382, BF797607, CB121210, BM458469, BX503423, BG685986, BM836632, BG469591, BE907368, BX475021, BM793401, BI829665 Pold p125: AL578715, BX382861, BX366475, AL560083, AL556466, BX366474, BX402885, AL525375, AL514720, BX350425, BM479873, BM905305, BQ920464, BU855691, BQ054258, BU527550, CA455120, BM008549, BQ070749, AL559084, BQ688129, BQ068026, BQ955289, BU542295, BM048573, BE311672, BQ958499, BM044191, BU859048, BI859768, BG744446, BQ936440, BU173332, BU931011, BG826841, AL580780, BU527075, BQ918345, BE737103, BM008621, CF125207, BG745091, BG472420, CA455000, BQ890540, BU154168, BI334420, BF205093, BG340726, BE798460, BI118205, BG683283, BE547846, BU185961, AL514719, BQ071299, BG258722, BE796517, CD101690, BE274988, BU844535, BE298157, BQ953920, BG390567, BE731346, CD615429, BG029434, BF346914, BG911621, BG281172, BU944555, BF206631, BE513504, BE391305, BG832159, CB321982, BG749237, BG285702, BQ343533, BF312202, BE901507, BU553455, BF304095, BU501677, CD615427, BI227211, BG120642, BE255898, BU161275, BM012106, BF529600, BQ232039, BU539859, BG115290, BM471494, BM742222, BF203965, BQ071659, BE514532, BF689201 Pole Pol2: BM799918, BX368245, CA489133, BX452508, AU124277, BX448917, BI524150, BX432893, BE613576, BX400486, BX448918, AI341337, AW629043, BX444300, BU617156, BF029073, BX280062, AW974329, AA448761, BE966475, AA709119, BX400487, BQ318645, BM784534, AI039222, BQ946037, BM454666, AW439589, BE782680, AA282380, BU742406, BM193890, AA448664, BM665497, BF738758, BF766844, BG473220, BM751106, AA333178, AW139478, AI636255, AW242762, BF766936, CA941526, CA941235, BM509588, BF766967, BF766969, BX384417, BM505194, AA812343, N53947, BF766934, BM751342, BG195865, BG185004, BX414432, BG219868, BG210945, BG207825, BG197398, BG193392, BG188146, BG195403, BG190325, BG207824, BG216817, BG216115, BG212524, BG209425, BG196918, BG190326, BG189205, BG188145, BG218864, BG203607, BG182912, BG215183, BG220834, BG216818, BG203604, BG195863, BG194393, BG194392, BG181396, BG212527, BG197926, BG195866, BG189206, M62099, BG214127, BG193903, BG192860, BG212525, BG207823, BG207822, BG204615, BG202577, BG202576, BG202042 Pole Dpb3: BX471071, AL544919, AL531155, CD171731, BX422049, BX403356, CB159628, CB152302, CA487866, BU956441, BU931411, BU844651, BU844620, BU193214, BU181445, BU178251, BU160282, BU153515, BQ956965, BQ932794, BQ896428, BQ883962, BQ691435, BQ688656, BQ643218, BQ437007, BQ425615, BQ421168, BQ227667, BQ224773, BQ220928, BQ057666, AL713425, AL711259, BM853361, BM830557, BM818099, BM811580, BM552527, BM478816, BM474837, BM465332, BM463844, BM451660, BI463584, BI224290, BI091613, BG3181075, BG111071, BF978613, BE895839, BE883232, BE872164, AW246427, BE910559, BU161793, CD300569, AL542290, CB132298, BQ924495, BM920044, BM847093, BM451747, BM013495, BI668995, BG700033, BE781043, AL598822, AL550727, BM749328, BM477218, BI755256, BG720455, BG505578, BG387715, BF983616, BF978547, AL541402, BM557688, BM558417, BM193306, BG024009, BE543436, BI333822, BQ059205, BI561738, AU280159, AA524279, BM753932, BM014466, BE880199, BE242720, CD710143, BU959989, AW136187, W03622, BU571151, AI634435, AI991485, BI334810 Pole Dpb4: CD674888, BU597500, BU595433, BU594966, BM924454, BM555016, BM5511010, BM009306, BG491874, AW081785, BE910607, CD107195, CA307504, BU520765, BQ233876, BM912894, BM809080, BM727074, BF237493, AI554783, AI436367, AI886832, BU597812, CA454961, BM929605, AI432454, BI667558, F26406, BQ954219, AI815728, BF025828, BE276764, BF764960, BM725423, BF107426, BG760830, BU740914, BG740141, BU077279, BU963250, BF237693, BG683544, AW970445, AA927473, AI142293, BM714678, BU739305, BM984649, BI599890, BU076938, AI797479, R07547, AI188727, BG682813, AI815926, AA513753, BP431280, BU537093, H27059, BP429067, BM677848, AA811357, BQ219306, AI833007, AI090223, AW368694, AI148002, AA676886, AA353038, AA740345, BQ640428, AI191303, BQ013037, BX112032, BU953216, AW955899, AA400317, BQ011449, BM688755, BM687694, AA368986, CD693537, AA400632, BF944449, BF378717, BE615920, BE408046, BF978324, BM723287, BM682293, AA536076, AI336523, AF202331, BG461940, AA639692, AI970899, CF529348, AI017725, AA468753, AA978356 Topoisomerase I: BU175449, BG574241, BQ918804, BQ720771, CA488073, BG506927, BM788013, BG546269, BM722996, CF137671, BX403047, BX391491, AI878932, BG493034, BU934394, BF977810, BE748187, BQ230349, BE733657, AW025108, CA487823, BE070282, BG401860, CB242988, BF912374, BG433599, BI561949, BG252538, BX406161, BI092973, CB959389, BF887734, CF145440, BG529331, BF594476, BF726053, BI087263, BG540279, BF002422, BF214159, AA765988, AA594329, R60159, AW368554, BF768633, BF923424, BF573926, D55538, BF105824, BF741104, AW854287, BF095014, AV708869, AI493041, CF127017, CD523275, AL559809, BU625720, BU195531, BQ950231, BQ718893, BG778556, F07589, BI834633, BU940860, BG169393, BE818064, BQ438538, BU429936, AI271876, BX389156, D54890, BX391490, BM541278, AA887955, BM699908, BF216295, AW368250, AW368275, AI479910, BG532987, BM720782, BF342838, BQ379859, AW003919, AA639463, BX403046, BE172121, BF924434, BG942263, BG611737, AI337284, AA987503, BF030802, BP430593, AI637947, BM985011, BF694314, BG569753, BF887735 TDP1: BM545366, BX357935, BX352942, BX368062, BU185781, BX336700, BQ214685, BQ233509, BX367994, BX368251, BQ689475, BQ049211, BU163540, CD654830, BI253420, BX388603, BX357934, BG291484, BQ277263, CD642861, BX336701, BU174608, CK000808, BE894450, BE613472, BI490906, BX352941, BM150331, BQ223905, BX472747, BX363837, AU136908, BX407827, BX461234, AW968944, BX368068, BX474790, BE387073, BE614223, BE786331, BI222338, BU429540, BG772310, AU135919, AW249271, BX367862, BU849335, BI822990, AL602103, BX477415, AL598723, BI861569, BI489958, AW962673, AL705760, BE909004, BE747879, BM712636, CA425849, BX401951, BE312937, AW849814, AW849937, BG475315, CD641965, AW007897, H49893, BQ010512, BE246145, W76100, AA332235, BF196744, BM462605, AW410205, AI480141, CD703683, BE247287, AA609339, BX475227, AA477148, AI209111, AW961554, AA330280, W72865, BU738356, AA336839, AA514317, AA620407, AW000979, AA504522, H49894, AU156926, AW129282, AA628378, AW589860, AI636696, AI989590, AA716609, AA489121, BF896143 Ctf18: BQ231004, BX447012, BM806765, AL562324, BX371387, BU553656, BE795677, AL516520, BQ962210, BQ650965, BE797877, BQ645686, BU845747, BQ646300, BE898071, BE901267, BU509771, BQ650789, BI457170, BI196074, BG481033, BI823171, BU625412, BU633872, BE888887, BI766695, AL516519, BE902046, BG168881, AL524240, BM674122, BQ648925, BQ651106, BQ646373, BM715777, BM127632, BF308850, AW973666, BG761379, BU845239, BM832965, BU616468, BF306837, BQ645867, BQ773121, BM127327, CA421425, BE262702, BU159091, BM703773, BM793661, BF513105, BM005987, BE314193, BF347314, BM906352, BE313266, BQ644028, BQ650233, BQ647544, AI831961, D61532, BG480239, BX117345, BE780529, AI650845, BE300859, AW196692, BM150350, BF093805, BQ367862, BQ073027, AA478378, AI824849, BE279389, AI620989, BU540454, AW236312, BG825945, AI918000, BE242499, AW662226, AA352175, AI355547, AI916173, BM701214, BF182688, AA610722, AI276362, BQ651661, AW149595, AW631061, BF434726, AW467884, BF091910, BG488804, AI401116, AW904596, AI689357, AI382635 Scc1: BM466374, BU146139, BU164770, BQ434145, BU190012, BQ222984, CF552154, BM474979, BM477931, AU130565, BU156118, BX390631, CD657694, CD654104, AU123599, AU131556, AU123557, BM927599, BI089741, AU124372, BI869474, BU625171, AU137268, BM920285, BM479826, AU138617, BM803806, BG779064, BG503734, AI905425, AU134242, AU130905, BU175990, BG289967, CB959416, BQ437529, BE870127, BU940947, AU135199, BQ229673, BF797759, BG254176, BU178041, CF619358, BM452576, BI093343, BE560508, AI627668, BG390625, BQ638398, BQ230670, BU509303, CD358988, BQ574279, BE867847, AW028126, BQ230181, BU181371, Z78332, BQ218011, BU598145, BF103682, CB143108, AL705581, CD557703, AU134649, AU125960, BM833822, BM749176, BM452530, BG505923, BU431249, Z78334, AI739002, BF540787, AU128854, BE895809, AL540173, AU133303, CF135927, BM907180, AU129400, BF091717, AA129353, AL558080, AL046011, BM833939, BM467920, AU135442, BF794442, AW500227, BM461566, BF590668, BE748270, AI017447, BI093513, AI367597, CB143109, AA699622, BM478563 Scc3: BQ946254, BQ224497, BG678247, AU131359, AU141951, BX643586, CA488740, AW993480, BG284625, BM468092, AL042846, BX506229, BI223205, AL582073, BQ229101, BF796496, BU431562, BG682345, BQ718426, BG114650, BE871224, AU132652, BE929374, BM799307, AL701691, AW499961, BX505839, BQ422046, BF085120, AW966123, BF085121, AW993214, AA311870, BE817052, BU430955, N25477, AW937839, AW501973, BX503773, CB988449, AL701626, BE541958, AL710194, BE817053, BF085130, BX505398, AW892743, CB963696, AL582049, BX643342, BX643410, AA179766, BI088302, CA454732, AL708036, AW999070, AW966631, BF367226, BE540683, AI064692, AL692142, AA334313, BG698257, BX473973, CD238866, BQ371413, BF330420, BE832149, BU431563, BE832148, AA385639, D78828, BE844082, AL710458, BE844095, AW993032, BX473971, BM751899, BG951313, AA249600, BG187519, AL603592, AU117247, BX102249, BX646186, BM718664, BX474425, BI771735, BM833941, AL600231, BE708022, BG536049, AI351861, BG899130, BF830533, BX437683, BG167708, H75808, BM561699, BG256800 ATR: BM452469, BU146099, BU193242, CD359676, AU133155, BQ226453, BU616550, AU138930, BU521017, CA771525, BG679313, BI259481, BE894977, BX476619, CB134903, CA771217, BU620031, BG770191, AI685264, BE221326, BU676069, BQ432546, BM855140, BX646290, BX476608, BM141700, BX476618, BM129429, BM129718, BM141963, AW769028, AA453176, AL707012, BG768017AW029178, BG960271, BE646363, AU154536, AA746485, BQ025557, AW769551, BG960875, BE091396, BG026395, AU157822, BM796532, AI584172, BU431210, AI288527, BM459025, AA731840, BE859077, AL039634, AW976047, BF222914, AA825525, AV751232, AW390089, AW152454, BG392173, BG223235, AA551327, CD644383, BF094478, BF930497, AI962936, AI871554, AI279279, AA837410, AW978820, AI394218, AI285634, AI280393, AI127664, AI078770, AI027417, BU076885, BX497770, BG192205, BG189101, BG184889, AI088580, BU077225, AA215661, BG208865, BF110182, AW237573, BG210328, BG221227, BG201951, BG191706, BG182288, AI902747, BG194892, BG204028, BG208221, AA747410, AW390065, CD642306, AI689705 Chk1: BX384024, BX425856, BX352948, BM458297, BM803862, BX363020, BX384025, BX383978, BX363830, BX443777, BQ071454, AL515222, BQ919396, BX346314, BX363829, BX414303, BQ424951, BX345096, BM048703, BM478961, BU620586, BX386787, BX386786, BU181250, BG717056, BX440542, BG687019, AL523644, BG258170, CA441277, AI924526, BI088504, BF795495, AL708308, BG612596, BQ226720, BM968823, BG339614, BG944287, BE299090, BI521358, BX351192, BG828404, BQ223060, BF310022, BQ641604, BM558032, BG218896, BF242017, BF001625, BG470645, CB127107, BG192348, CB124258, BF204894, CB124369, BE464453, CB125201, BG256454, AL559804, BE298964, BX383977, CB124285, BG194802, CB998143, BE904400, AL559805, BG216281, BG191840, BX425855, BG215785, N99369, BG470702, BM193374, BX363019, BI197298, BE882051, BE297644, N53057, BE548526, BI824209, BG211479, BX346313, CB142976, AA224307, CD694666, BQ322635, AA962684, AI536947, BM455102, R86187, H67490, BF973418, AL515221, BF946916, N71469, AI750793, AL523643, H59530, BU927896 NBS1: BM542698, BX405940, BG182890, BU166634, BM461758, BG214621, BG388866, BG284646, CF593314, CB1123692, BU517247, BU661996, BM014420, AW976050, AI796269, BG483074, AU118357, BG109073, AW978306, BG392111, CF994271, CB250418, AW183153, BF027776, BU620472, AI888159, BE694454, CB989468, BF511289, AL713597, BG292394, BI962748, BG202556, AW363125, BF028917, A767797, BE142989, AV715636, BU686090, BE695861, AU144944, BF219376, AI478631, BF208284, AW237021, BF217323, AA535147, AL041061, AA741007, AA577530, N22869, BE694368, AA713939, BF222791, BE892618, BQ354782, BE566896, H98655, AW391193, BE694374, AW340253, BG₁₉₇₁₉₄, BF062731, BM835126, AI890179, AA807181, AW025671, AW593423, BE089552, BG194661, BG194211, BG187424, AA463450, BG184671, BG209170, BM833754, BE694416, BG198067, BG214402, AI478521, AA835830, BU172525, BQ380443, N36514, AI858133, AA907134, BF096050, N51586, BG196671, BU429506, BE694353, AI952672, AI377839, CF137847, BE142840, CB135538, R48068, AA535711, AW207441, BF219034 Hus1: BX510134, CD520767, AL554895, CD104810, BU933524, BU932644, BU600981, BU171912, BF185772, BG386353, BG286955, BE874516, BM462752, BU932377, BE568470, BE892098, BM546627, BF510091, BE543378, BG330719, BU193379, BG703514, BM906889, BE644764, BF796878, BM822628, BE566605, AA902233, AA280710, CA418558, BQ646867, CD678464, AI675254, AI968159, BG028551, BU680921, AI968626, AI750426, BU784416, BE891273, BF056974, AW518029, R29753, AW270395, CD357688, AI656993, BX115181, AI149713, AI538328, CB992757, AW965692, BU588470, BF222727, AI654498, AA693873, AA353895, AA828114, AA773515, AA897773, AA652723, BX500811, BF998283, AI968739, AI656972, BX370241, AW467865, BF211281, BU928301 Rad1: BX439078, BX362814, BM915064, BU508168, AU142492, BG325636, BG254417, BE739684, BU942019, CB997499, BG528822, BF305274, BU192569, BE379759, BX472344, BM453151, BG502187, CD365064, BI821006, AW779759, CD370483, BU567700, BE542464, BQ277303, BF381656, BF103945, AL697883, BG687436, BU431185, AI732815, AI870850, BE866735, AA486301, BM875591, BX362071, BU623683, CB126098, AW237104, BG687442, BF084168, BE565545, AI052547, AI628587, BX105685, CA432131, AW373219, CB306975, BU682777, BM875344, AW473643, AW473637, BM790461, BG777245, AW104439, AW001011, BF667027, BQ214495, BG108349, BQ433094, CD513520, AI685362, AI075030, CD672667, AA968417, AA029300, BF807890, BM264116, BG036263, BE843169, AW779236, AW819703, BX373966, CB218092, AA768474, BF242093, AW579006, AA464502, AA227739, BE930194, BF375637, BE549430, AA913007, BI862650, A871190, BX369672, BX369671, AA228124, BF748944, AU157657, AU123712, BE928477, BX435862, BM015762, BE645342, BE379989, AI885817, AI734194, BG612563, AV711443, AA464501 Topoisomerase IIIb: BX424738, BX425419, BQ651682, BX403442, CD107506, BX446190, CA453925, BX346535, BX418504, BG763535, BM549973, BX403443, BX388297, BQ649447, BQ279059, BX353337, BX428354, BM562369, BX389266, BF690073, BM922961, BQ884077, BI254650, BG751464, BF348239, BG767127, BX375918, BI199856, BQ425197, BX333417, BQ939934, BG748897, BX418503, AI361851, BQ183439, BX428593, BM719837, BF689997, BG827105, BG180123, BX431485, BM020904, BX431486, BG251915, BF568363, BX430251, BM982636, BM542563, BX353336, BF839819, BX389265, BX456723, AW082912, BU739692, BM668058, AA581879, BM929485, BX375917, BF569140, BF840332, AW081400, BQ072301, BI908256, BI458744, BQ437166, BE262344, BX471363, BX333418, AI653725, BG281858, AI432376, BG910301, AI271458, BQ018902, AW594115, AW580188, BF683888, BQ052367, CB958279, BU733478, BU956077, CD656636, AA576862, BX425418, BQ925386, BG519835, BQ267454, AA789096, AI884361, BQ270362, BU194029, AI654571, AV724647, AI797309, BX088825, AI252649, AI368666, H30621, BG281907, BF971171 Rad6A: CF242862, AL556664, AL554264, AL551212, AL545489, AL527666, CD245975, BX420488, BU177002, BU176550, BU158774, BU155911, BQ938012, BM904536, BM671147, BM547988, BM460782, AL601372, BG477320, AL557798, AL552044, BU594647, BQ773667, BM127839, AU137774, BE873022, AI126625, BM128123, AL547443, AL547028, BG771586, AL561578, BU596427, BE893452, BG037200, BM128046, BM127780, AU135850, AI912983, AW051875, AA917931, BM172179, BE280929, BE504240, BF308088, AI367248, BM888354, BE465165, BI914734, BI562526, BG426078, BG399765, AU128974, BI117499, BG709332, BI223209, AU123986, AU126997, AL540766, AL545955, BQ717080, BX377743, BE276997, BG429673, AI830472, CB118540, CA398015, AU280101, AI367259, BE001808, CD673205, AU128994, BQ050943, BE934281, AA314005, BG249012, AW206875, AI984287, BM752230, AI097110, BF030505, CD299140, CB962261, BE867709, AW205767, AI371888, AI087376, BG680605, AW139418, BP431686, BM741851, BE002061, BF694346, AA442497, T80555, CB127128, W77761, AA340148, R92832, AA808831 Rad18: AL515920, AL525404, AL562493, AL515921, BM479176, AL519429, BX327634, BU633444, AU130305, AU124369, AL519379, BQ878144, BX118224, BI260485, BX644573, CD657250, BQ002046, BG403172, BG187245, BG687139, BQ438688, AL519378, AL602096, BG501779, AV689196, BG434615, BX506345, BG528199, BU928268, BM827802, CB146761, BM783792, AU152279, AI674134, BM987526, BF062100, BE538599, AW024863, AW188470, AW852547, AI140776, BM739442, AI140772, AA625471, AA628928, BM820601, AA953817, AV689200, AL600012, AV689197, BI463280, AV689198, AI075759, BQ012909, BU588168, BE245247, AI826396, AW274711, R59255, AA311754, AI266146, BE715962, AI051483, BI060361, R59197, AI292169, BQ305165, H79432, CD643305, AA972797, AW607437, CD709390, BF241055, R42938, H79318, R17601, AI262720, BQ013328, AL044563, AA494524, AI536060, R18043, R13366, AW804426, AW607158, AW969432, AA745596, R40881, BI060362, AW804432, BG992485 Ubc13: CF130960, CD710574, CD692115, CD673025, AL543503, CD245362, CB988950, AU280192, CB215753, CB161684, CB161357, CB159339, CB158868, CB147566, BX110715, CA453274, CA310015, BU959707, BU942968, BU941352, BU935537, BU787955, BU509214, BU195662, BU177345, BQ670955, BQ651546, BQ438057, BQ434581, BQ431772, BQ278353, BQ233659, BQ233603, BQ233591, BQ220048, BQ212232, BQ071631, BQ053849, BQ053589, BM927363, BM920802, BM916123, BM810273, BM805692, BM548060, BM480191, BM456876, BM449746, BI830293, BI829065, BI822117, BI753449, BI603033, BI193140, BG759142, BG758336, BG720632, BG716212, BG701931, BG613290, BG548397, BG531270, BG503962, BG432626, BF974186, AU125145, AU119879, AV758049, BE747116, BE266994, BE314665, BE207615, AW246428, CD685196, CD558824, CB987518, BU940976, BU177313, BG715594, BG715088, BG714343, BG701027, BG615565, BG504869, AW950789, AW250538, BG716471, BE262841, AW673494, CD686244, CB957396, BI197667, BE313357, CD701933, AL583561, CD385216, BU596184, BX415171, BX400510, AL534723 FBH1: BQ668450, CD518455, BM475590, BQ073711, BX350417, BM556786, BX385835, BU171774, BM462614, CA976039, AL555827, BU527061, BG682347, BQ932104, BU184837, BM811347, CD513292, BM051895, CF552522, BF792094, BQ953076, BM469767, BU856754, BU507355, AL580250, BQ672631, BM541777, BG575794, BG396523, BM019265, BI462395, AL578234, BQ710339, BQ889679, BQ706264, CF125476, CA439526, BU535409, BM916651, BM014236, BF683805, BG104902, BG385761, BX369664, BG483429, BQ722509, BQ894882, BI3028476, BG422497, CD722593, BE253172, BX483033, AL558429, BE513039, BG117837, AW369165, BQ437287, BG479586, BG830784, BQ129343, BM686491, BX117109, BE541008, BE736140, CA393619, BG109986, BG913455, BM717015, BX356080, BG323256, BF684368, AA045149, BE730963, BG682808, AL044721, BF349688, AW964614, BQ951138, BQ325260, BI006637, BM707421, CB113655, BQ898291, BE378693, AW963805, AA430290, CB159047, CB161429, CA438158, BX364723, BM707309, BM699811, AA428015, AW963835, BQ129349, CA395354, CB321675, BM798328, AI459539, CA945183 Mad2: BX092337, BU509241, BQ959603, BQ440642, BQ428342, BM472395, BM472304, BI766194, BU508933, BG532327, BQ425846, BG702724, BU509710, BG614828, BG505458, BX443383, BU963707, BX325759, BU198649, BM016150, BG503527, BX404037, BG679723, BG533781, BX449727, BX346251, BE270292, BU177716, BU662541, BG530972, BG531198, BG116166, BG527529, BE886793, BF305710, BU928412, CA489378, BG503886, BE311763, BX401098, BG496604, AW950858, BE778450, BE270518, BG613007, BF034523, BG504712, BG249673, AW411207, BG501915, BF219704, BE890707, BU598703, CA489522, BG504001, BF130567, BE296423, BF030667, BG531869, BF694258, BE295856, BQ277112, BE895923, BF666701, BI560148, BE543883, AW674988, CD700655, BU659357, BG169697, BE960883, BM458351, BG615578, BM837848, BG506388, BE870543, CA488467, AA490658, BF184132, BE567312, AV715949, BF667164, BG284883, BF666681, BM450737, BU661109, CB137773, CB137684, CB134844, BF698236, BU158230, BF701297, BF240809, BF185562, BF696854, BG613188, BE738000, BG290170, BF696888, BE270517 XPC: AL537156, BQ898206, BM556322, BQ918948, BU506961, AU125870, AU130697, BE260062, BQ892451, BG751164, CD643621, CK000090, BE730655, BF981364, BG748625, BG341433, BF972749, BG338028, BU602325, BF317427, BF306190, BI255928, BE278952, BM461420, BE733920, BE252615, BG752811, BI670281, AU120699, AU130155, BE254313, BX474915, BM729318, BG340238, BF314903, AU280283, BG489139, AA287404, BG337505, AU127391, CF995178, BG335426, BQ308142, BG259049, BQ649424, BQ307301, BX505750, BE260137, BF683997, CF140093, BF685974, BX470382, BE257840, AI123414, AU150414, BQ477814, CF141168, BM827376, AA657557, BE221715, BG571695, BX475123, BF090364, BF207269, AL709045, BM856351, BX497971, BM708556, AW504862, BM833387, BG178613, BG620310, BX283619, BG749233, CB269927, CB267080, BM700758, BX486869, AU143301, BX493543, BM852149, AU128095, AA190694, BE702371, BE074001, BX644722, BG396899, CD250721, AL710884, BE262208, AW903238, BF827957, BE766460, AV736879, BG116273, AA329947, BX476805, BM454293, AV734541, BM908255 Rad23A: BX386817, BM555668, AL556689, BM923938, BX462941, BQ226301, BX383110, AL518853, BM563676, BX346368, BX443456, BX458814, AL560403, BM800629, BM546406, BM450093, BX400223, BM905361, BQ067487, AL538737, BX448989, BX376642, BU182138, BU501586, BM460305, BM455101, BM553961, BX405327, BX439481, BQ959921, BG397266, BQ231221, AL528006, BQ649073, BU161613, CD516432, CD300604, BU161547, AL527519, BU170588, BQ922155, BM922503, BM806531, BM811343, BQ878719, BX416323, BQ431936, BX424587, BQ231191, BM553778, BU166711, BQ068184, BI3115640, BX336880, BE743148, BU902824, BM543659, CD517476, BX440266, BM928421, BE793785, BM805413, BU663811, BM767302, BI771571, BU543634, BI488410, BI831370, BG828123, BM702259, BG826357, BQ671655, AU120562, BI756007, AL554211, BG575011, CD359531, BI092253, BQ923295, BG765676, CF146536, BE254829, BM764880, BI768800, BE254847, BU186368, AL548714, CD580418, BQ430734, AL708410, BU598395, BU160883, BI770418, BI458425, CB243750, CD300680, BE296271, BU624195, BE792673, BF982409 Rad23B: AL542437, BU508207, CF242874, BI761813, BX385070, BX344701, BX397027, BX406219, AL544467, AL540969, BG617563, AU135170, BM785167, BG681545, CD516576, BM846302, BI094479, AL532383, AL554483, AL549735, BI524081, BI086980, AW747914, BM843069, BF949974, AL570682, BE166667, BI460482, BF696085, BG290212, BE018477, BE566434, AW117407, AW631016, AW629978, BM919879, AL516156, BE218017, AA460535, AA305019, BM845855, AW610521, BQ927520, BF082151, AL571657, AW080867, AI221288, BF239610, BF116028, BE218477, BG035090, BF238781, AW610520, BE926034, BG718045, CB995306, BM705797, AL569427, BX411441, BI868477, BF817189, AA316654, AW821231, BF433951, BF906503, AW578686, BF762435, AA932185, BG958581, CA406436, BX387819, AW389400, CA389879, BU959168, AI261824, AW991331, AW663949, BF374886, AW770657, AI703064, AW510997, BE925443, BE220051, BE674734, AW389398, CF553075, BF088680, BF762431, BF692478, BF111238, BX422214, AA359699, BF994844, BE613559, BQ929186, BE817876, BM480327, BF755677, BF795639, BX500679 CSA: BI918304, BM833676, BG611935, BM017684, BG722970, BG612963, BI458951, AI950957, BI601669, BU603353, BU533681, AA454500, AW954940, BI828404, BE540951, BF244952, BE567160, AL691658, CB160846, BG387575, AW388466, AW388282, BF206366, AW301277, BI850241, BF665074, CD687697, AW409745, W19086, BF790869, BM147057, BF665145, BG616128, BE568475, BQ218876, BX116922, AA129369, CD109410, BG032140, BG037177, BF588485, BF000147, CF552572, AA159858, BI561029, BM835908, BQ645232, AW418819, BF247700, AU100233 CSB: CD653749, AL039860, BG723092, BX644251, BX474980, BF508753, AL702189, BM759548, AL039851, BF094116, BG121679, BI020594, AU185158, BE763975, AV725351, AI418429, AU185476, CA502920, BX485503, BE841244, AA305555, BQ015647, BG259982 XPG: BX370344, AL537284, BQ215712, BM461711, BX383623, BI518401, AL537285, BG754702, CD243930, BU680238, BG574639, BQ002437, BI836225, CA503022, AW044617, BQ045373, BU608348, BG282989, CF619292, BQ014611, BI091747, BU624982, AA843311, CA418268, BM793974, AW772514, BU617777, BQ186957, BG400427, BU732780, BU608324, BQ221301, BM504121, BG391687, BG286779, BI711387, A680931, BQ775943, AI417946, CA424453, BM875436, M797308, BE170510, AW317068, BF576042, BE552270, BM507072, BM750705, BM675983, AI885477, CB142083, AI623400, BQ614576, BM830049, BM875687, BE350942, AW854025, CD579376, BM677102, BF360483, BU740308, BQ002355, BM504348, D250763, AI768283, BG282957, AA548114, CB270753, BF515914, AW369265, AA312903, AI702437, BX471563, AA582936, AI907200, BQ215703, BM712460, AW504101, AI452675, BI459976, BE772886, AW576371, BM838528, AW401569, BE772887, AI218110, BE349982, BG723008, BM506721, AA592904, AI458250, AI272121, AW966715, AI572661, AI023105, BM831424, AI285500, AA808705, BU738082, AA506450 XPF: BI522552, CB956135, BG620282, BG181154, CF529228, BQ013114, BX503907, BQ310815, BM671280, BQ011470, AW977575, BM710111, BG724387, AL705565, BE818393, AA291199, AA770518, BE837466, CD674166, AA774566, AI431784, AA256859, AW271424, AA638976, AV685090, BE818447, AA255461, AW242081, AA723776, AV692790, BE814005, AI653508, AA721794, BX103000, AA834535, AA292809, AA808363, BI459712, AA284141, AA639091 DDB1: BM927667, BM545266, AL547974, BM559217, BM474381, BQ057079, BQ230722, BQ051604, BQ927173, BQ943701, BM799741, BU543084, BQ220481, BQ070702, BQ061047, AL521541, BU931018, BM469013, BU153954, BQ945468, BU165038, AL555048, BQ898580, BQ068618, BQ050859, BG764306, BQ057811, BU159948, BU508051, BQ065776, BM804642, BU845856, BM905933, BQ935651, BQ060859, BQ052770, BQ066316, BQ066118, AU125547, BM803322, BQ927550, BM552236, BM473607, AU121686, BG746666, BU535682, BM556709, BQ931953, BG831447, BG751027, BG677450, BQ683506, BQ642180, BM476800, BQ063089, AL549443, BM553844, BU178933, BI256821, BQ059091, CD652436, BQ962485, BU542556, BQ061252, BU156588, BQ642770, BU501977, BQ897254, BG762513, AU140587, BM046600, BQ070862, BI260236, BG747001, AU140248, BU154345, BQ060945, AU140289, BE743760, AU130230, BQ056360, BE794022, BG327224, BE747530, BI457215, AU140521, BM456004, BG481963, BG469259, BU943325, BQ943596, BQ213497, BM043469, BQ439584, AU140209, BG769813, CK000424, BQ279191, BQ438774, AU140418 DDB2: BX401847, BX400795, BM460187, BQ688926, BM563807, BU159281, BX384437, BM008599, BE792938, BG479004, BQ940060, BE797218, BM560871, BX117885, BM018420, BM455897, BI256001, BX360369, BI868487, BX385303, BE799933, BM009575, BM553220, CA487463, BU174903, BX366945, BM850079, CD518332, BI915455, BG756997, BM782789, BI915534, BM554617, BG1318313, BE261143, BG913101, BE783395, AL566516, CB142981, BG035565, BX403426, BI838828, BG756904, BE885720, BX400794, BE018683, BI761524, BM746344, BX363265, AW247981, BM743623, BE536472, BE903342, AA309052, BG612441, BQ063694, BM744890, BX384436, BI255783, BM791178, BM924491, CD696204, BG106780, AL536826, BQ062583, BF974680, AW803143, BM783399, BF791778, BG759533, BX366944, BF974639, AL702736, AA278480, BG613246, BM840145, BM821166, AA311506, CD685541, BM920389, BF375336, BF576398, BX360368, BX384709, AL702729, BP431548, BI092193, BF382434, BQ001750, BI261116, BF184818, CF144601, AA128445, BE798846, AW802999, BF203187, BQ001644, BE247271, BQ003952, BQ575065 XAB2: BX356659, AL518679, AL519886, BX424193, BM922374, BX381810, BX381811, AL557238, AL535342, AL525436, AL538943, AL518678, BX342559, AL565880, BX397557, BX383379, BX383380, BX382204, BQ053451, BX383814, BQ643137, AL561830, BQ050225, AL519590, CA488373, BU845857, AL560324, AL521338, AL534944, BX370726, AL560477, BQ935369, BU153161, BM476327, BG488778, AL516161, BX336874, BX392023, BM806807, BX364648, BI771923, BQ927835, BG488879, BM917523, BI822736, AL514374, BQ227702, BU541210, BQ221081, BM451911, BI772072, BX446010, BU855544, BU179797, BI823391, BM913999, BX448905, BQ054530, BG744221, BI910746, BQ956926, BG480524, BI261656, BM469671, BX464425, BI767323, BE253641, BI768994, BG386812, BQ063543, BI911058, BI518767, BE799838, BQ212885, BI459403, BU528530, BQ073165, BM048645, BE898732, BG468301, BE531308, BF311851, BI561194, BI560801, BF569424, BF686448, CD672626, BG425290, AL559075, BU170853, BE728374, BE871613, BE274104, BF314780, BE280310, BM456485, BU856266, BM020680, BI911907, AW837892 UNG: BM926584, BM799989, BX438441, BX342506, BU165625, BU943452, BX378897, BM471137, BM928006, BQ228775, AL559968, BX379137, CF551970, BX378357, BX372231, BU161952, BU176423, BQ882986, BQ420300, BX361226, AV705903, BM919577, BX440252, BI823926, BQ048928, BM458045, BG105781, BQ962046, BU187892, CD643361, BX366166, BM541301, CD512104, CD686190, AU126319, BM718553, BE793197, BM449708, AI879177, BX429498, BE902908, BQ950839, BG326541, BG389571, BM012071, BQ670076, BF342799, AA290918, BG392330, BM799653, BX368057, BE734542, BG717638, BI198939, BI226322, CA454788, BG176725, BX347126, BE882172, BG256273, H09366, BI226401, AL079771, BE781768, BQ348703, BG390499, BF701762, BG176633, BE559523, BG282433, AU279887, BQ365552, BE883671, BE270595, BQ917973, BE258817, BE546123, AW401453, BG106747, BE268637, BI259016, BU168154, BX346912, T78215, BG481771, BX346928, CB130269, CB129289, BE261638, BQ348874, AA573859, BP429782, CD672939, BM751245, R25268, AA356048, BI766031, BM825376, BE263990, BQ322779 MBD4: AL556619, BX372087, BM459663, BI767663, CD105484, BG032353, CD367008, BM690016, AL549313, BQ722669, BE561716, BI521142, BG032516, BI765468, BM465252, BI823689, BG686312, CA773665, BG716078, CD364595, CB989176, BF446103, BE622249, CA943572, BM314436, BI596708, AW964068, BI820928, BF033618, AW073379, BM857488, CA773226, AA741175, CA395073, CB136245, CA867841, BE541307, CB995679, AL578833, BM749974, AL553305, BE614377, CD557525, CB158348, AL553419, CB243592, BM462436, AU138081, AW138783, BU789775, AW193960, AA167425, AW195025, BG621850, BF509234, CA390195, BQ005967, BG613448, AW958704, AA939068, BF509053, AA167418, BU619480, BM476709, BM314740, BI462718, BM015493, BI544324, BF109031, AA905592, AA648364, BF109027, BF515981, AA167414, AI682256, AA011232, AI225045, BU153530, CA487592, BM857715, AA954283, BX390695, AW474165, AA825707, BI517400, BG742246, AA353798, CD678412, BG031116, BU732453, BM836637, BM709307, AI217321, AA247185, AA618259, BU678959, AW959666, CB144059, BI669635, AA171632 TDG: BM479641, BM905541, BX370775, BM456725, AU128073, CD652973, CD657696, BG621267, AV708234, BE779060, BX331941, BX483618, BX382383, BF033788, BM476558, BX385505, AV649391, AV649244, AV649186, AA477864, BE181979, BX338343, CB145292, CD642813, CD644103, BM729260, BI760123, AL600750, BX509348, BX492385, BX476996, CD110168, CB994452, CB961815, CB267807, AL701375, BM915474, BG1314997, BF002914, AW590228, AW502250, AW136393, AL120270, AW051610, AI916834, AI868982, AI767246, AI669518, AI493141, AI360256, AI352697, AI332786, AA306938, AA257018, AA143198, AA131695, AA316331, CD109607, CD109351, CB989389, CB959951, AL699594, BF674842, BE502468, AI769788, BU566171, BX366012, AV654940, AL710869, BE784882, AI272154, BX340488, T34101, AW408102, BM457221, BF001989, AW138490, AW135094, H14409, BG940420, BU564446, AI869223, BE536675, BF241047, BE882613, AI435880, BF195990, BE080436, AW955279, CD050602, CA406412, AI272147, AI338205, BX646789, AA356499, BM556682, CB047650, CB047649, AI937774, AA360035 NTH1: BM553336, AL536460, BM921161, AL566343, BM803928, BM472681, BG760523, BX438358, BM019398, BQ052788, BG821962, BI868261, AL545181, BI199103, BG766177, BI832477, BQ216562, BI757515, BQ431466, BQ052774, BE799423, BG519584, BG490410, BG747350, BG472059, BE746343, BI839163, BI196060, BG468596, CA488808, BF794685, BU182347, BG388749, BI226382, BE792632, BG248655, BQ881995, BF525435, BE797167, BM917598, BM451836, BF315844, BF312887, BG468607, BE790928, BG114969, BF337743, BE878633, BM677868, BF205470, AL545152, BQ958991, BG827031, BE266472, BE314558, BM811237, BF219845, BM831407, BX445525, BM424115, BM916696, BE313626, BG678320, BE262196, BF220231, BG331307, CB142490, BQ647925, BU622908, BQ575671, BF303821, BE891721, BE744813, BG468617, BU535559, BU634434, BM982354, BM129563, BE250955, BM821556, BM851724, BM725444, AW246140, BG469318, BX444894, AI610226, BX379864, CA488850, BE256091, AI818303, BU957532, BM129299, BM831443, BU902454, BF002443, AI968475, AW732463, AI424835, BU849457, AW103041 NEIL2: BX401292, BX418848, BX386695, AL529804, AL530971, BX341864, BG759722, BQ942628, BG697467, BX427919, BI522685, BU158642, BX386994, BX333648, BI224185, AW411371, BE887573, BI113772, AL555248, BF305600, BI522781, BI520072, CB112109, BG700461, BM466367, BI601338, BU189576, CF145781, BM011284, CD558091, CF147070, BE736612, BE736412, CF139009, BF346473, AL524751, BF932051, CD671249, BF241652, BE153549, BI962581, BI793306, Z43722, BX340965, BI548326, Z46109, BU165567, BU193072, CB126915, BM729333, BM450046, BI789116, AI968247, BF761462, BF529055, BI793006, BU168329, BE153640, BI439197 NEIL3: AL528028, BU170388, BX391576, BM458786, BU173488, BX112923, BQ687469, AU133212, BQ054308, BQ220911, BX348730, AL528027, BF700528, BG397668, BX391575, BE885006, BG026947, BF664630, BG758440, BF030084, BG495300, BF103925, BF217043, BQ441413, BE882646, BE865481, BF183915, BU689565, BG122779, BQ422423, T85431, AA373561, BG388415, AI307746, AA815079, CB145683, AU154583, AA677552 APE2: BX325338, AL556617, AL519979, BQ277791, AL561128, BX395132, AL531548, BX433301, BQ050352, BM541964, AL559217, BX385097, AL528954, BI093915, BU931498, BM016132, BI859309, BQ921050, BI086544, AL582410, BQ428526, BE531337, BU553240, BM015733, BE737187, BI767790, BU184166, BU164122, CA495324, BE794688, CA495346, BI196397, BI912615, BX325337, BI669515, BQ229782, BM807966, BG709216, BX382166, BI333249, AL527692, BI909503, AL561839, BE616906, BM016478, BM726096, BE547006, BU942097, BE885110, BI837686, AL527693, BG024450, BE794496, BI915874, BX452361, BI911544, BG752268, BG386237, BF203315, BI858986, AL578831, BX394096, BI859870, BI256178, BF308964, BF310943, BF307805, BI223857, BI160978, BI160236, BE548576, BF981813, AL580878, BQ328004, BF931957, CB993692, BE280661, BI033411, AL711190, BE729174, CF146056, AL564091, BM682530, AL528953, BG438154, BX374269, BE265083, BX392349, CD366445, CD514757, BE795242, AI547012, BU540750, BE076387, AI547003, BG897167, AW386829, BI094006, AI907885, BF792036 PARP1: BX425285, BM474368, BM473858, BM458759, BM458491, BQ216584, BM468375, BU164317, BM924278, BU149272, BM474022, BM905935, BG281447, AL542989, BQ946216, BQ918876, BU849139, BX438143, BX443246, BX420713, BU166033, BM012504, BM454330, BQ438889, BI091452, BX395490, BU844993, BM472955, BM555163, BX368206, BU171470, BM472260, BG280821, BX464445, BI833606, BQ882633, AU124412, BM463285, CK000195, CD653823, CF552559, AU124072, BE740909, AU131873, BQ213230, CK000758, BQ954235, BU156802, BX460089, BX450439, BI253230, BM450940, BM478605, BI334768, BQ222114, BM805846, CD651914, CD108986, BX462212, AU125041, BQ708310, BM043633, BM452637, BX388560, BM012492, CD521009, BF976506, BX431987, AU138067, BX421686, BM469381, BU942653, BM545681, AL517083, BG499313, BG533818, BU177793, BE270913, BU178223, BI908423, BE783663, BI087079, BE270845, BE899131, BE561235, BG177824, BG031594, BG393066, BE560200, CK000604, BE744678, BM799547, BM453457, BI093436, BG259918, BQ691997, BI113824, BG123019, AA401836, BM472073 PNK: AL577752, AL542181, AL529432, AL578082, BX440754, AL529433, AL531397, AL563677, AL563673, BM552937, AL530233, AL555192, BM811617, BI523512, AL562615, BX385339, BM047190, AL582405, BI761490, BI765355, BG519795, BU957084, AL518252, BU541073, AL561123, BG912156, AL531398, AL529487, AL555795, BI488573, BQ943952, AL518253, AL555631, BI908075, BF971606, AL525997, BX331554, BU552518, BF314736, BI522840, BE312745, AL530223, BM011630, BI489474, BQ219713, BI766984, BI199796, AL519579, AL563456, BQ877856, BI834426, BG252407, BE799855, BQ055605, BQ067892, AL519578, BF315056, AL042657, BU956990, BI820868, BM045471, BM710277, BE394572, BG330783, BI909140, CB529741, BU527521, BM974879, BU619715, AV655619, BM917371, BI907002, AL526117, BU543115, BG118159, BE313034, BM982849, BI599430, CA425985, BM910694, BQ772660, BI770327, BE734945, BU622816, BG939419, AL525953, BI116338, BM923265, CF594119, BI822801, CA439970, BI827695, BE272050, BM819357, BE266096, BM687914, BE260690, AI984026, BX279591, AI830883 Polb: AL572526, AL547658, BU157194, BG743462, BX383155, BU166001, BG251605, BI761008, BM790436, BQ430835, BQ434342, BG032291, AL705932, BI753835, BI915120, BI559405, AL558615, BX646755, BE394043, CD641318, BM928122, BX395185, CA314334, CD671591, CA313995, AU121247, AA916271, CD579745, BF131951, BQ188410, AI654868, CA439409, BI598628, AA130183, AL580395, BG506123, BU188474, CB125716, CB141008, AA172068, CB130159, AL702696, AA706903, BG025809, BU933432, AI827117, BM852849, BE280856, AL702481, AA172228, AA130175, BF693388, AI124907, AW957764, AW102789, AI825920, BM725613, BM678092, BX115761, BU934294, BF245489, AW070694, AI014834, BQ053443, BI461358, AW402160, AI689323, AA315716, BF219035, AI034273, AA856902, BM931013, BM684499, AA977230, BG339593, CB144384, AA809775, BQ574627, BM979958, BF590500, AW269977, AL120608, AI128173, AI057605, AI032461, AI017499, BF507649, AI087793, AW887363, AI949400, BG196141, AA723600, BG209074, BQ186692, BQ184899, BG212204, BE889161, CD110437, BG220062, BG200837 MSH2: BM479882, AL528268, BX461033, BM557852, BM457765, BX431195, CD247876, BM543463, AU125214, AU125592, BQ878410, BQ225922, BI256610, CD655479, AU118136, BI090516, BU154902, BG756122, AU123630, CD656123, AU133361, CD519566, AU133333, BG773440, BI769598, BU178986, CB955666, AU131598, AU124367, AL563106, BX436686, BM475467, BI093054, AU120648, BU182908, BE792530, BQ223894, BI757481, AU131477, AU124664, CD656999, CD652376, CD657313, BG716960, BQ431632, BM834569, CD557029, CD693039, BE778241, BU934097, CD653693, BE779907, BG773429, BQ643544, BQ422633, BG388582, BG759539, BE894244, BG721947, BE268484, BE297145, BF033549, BQ221216, BI561347, BG773147, BE870260, AU123223, AA502616, AI792246, BX436685, AU126323, BF205395, AU144782, AU129482, AI823868, AU151529, BE254661, AU123102, BQ334510, BX413346, AW951649, BF834144, AU129404, BM788022, BM455023, CA843563, BU620631, AV693408, BU600314, AA287480, BE897216, AW402832, AA219060, AV732547, CB135442, AW003984, BE550379, BG499470, AW515731, CB143683 PMS1: BX353664, BM479838, BX328949, BX327629, BM553209, BX117693, BM800196, BG193431, CB157373, BG168340, BQ429685, BX435290, BI464618, BG536475, BM723144, BF666456, BG163660, BG776017, BX452128, AL043809, AW945172, CB161021, BF699885, AL705101, CB131671, BG292439, BX419980, CB136057, CB268969, BG120880, BM677668, BQ771615, BF978494, BU599098, BM742128, BI545790, BG401461, CA415469, AI811371, CB852984, BG827501, BG719470, BG772717, BU623174, AL043785, AI458470, BE779274, AI636100, AA278390, BM820659, AI076038, BE350913, BG222592, AA781041, BX353663, BF056020, BG716188, AA833518, Z36291, BM009631, BU597828, BE350907, BG614286, BI438347, BM996496, AV730735, BE972698, CB144057, BF210947, AW269877, AA573397, AA393893, BQ574496, AA573406, AI660351, BF570703, BU854630, BG196186, AI367805, AA210907, AA393809, BG215472, BG207030, AA092955, AI277404, BG195153, AI278080, AA297925, BQ220187, BG182167, AW661801, BG209122, AV732009, AV731296, BP431712, AI828829, AI655707, AL600680, BU561560, AA282075 PMS2: BQ951503, BM474394, BU153042, BQ881303, BU178449, BQ069438, AU140605, BG829980, BQ644101, BG720607, BQ436841, BU153051, AL708946, BU622416, BF568181, BU171754, BE884933, BQ221907, BM012037, BQ369274, BM701781, AL699728, AU280501, BE763779, BF840656, BG177103, BQ045117, BE304459, BX385541, BI548246, BM669686, BM144251, BX283912, BF674494, BU193656, BQ775383, AL701903, BQ232687, BI544939, BX283370, BM967072, BM148437, BE090126, BM967300, BI912345, BG565558, BU665027, BM147147, BX385540, BE090067, AL702122, BF114739, CB1111334, BG708195, AA151500, BI752285, BF697242, BU934799, BU728992, BF381825, BM698903, AV655809, BQ322673, BQ050630, BG776255, AA428236, BU604958, AI096500, AA256227, AI147872, AA256169, BM893955, BI037161, BF840055, AI539402, BM893782, BX095320, BQ221253, BE675175, BQ368913, BI829104, BE676031, CF124711, BU622696, BU620584, AI831722, BQ644699, AI341574, BM714146, BQ129192, BG398558, BF216419, AA297413, CB306237, AA707711, AA458667, AA206606, AA078218, AA418026, AW968473 MLH3: AU121422, BQ878851, BQ716451, BG499557, BM551767, BU939998, BU183004, BM019183, CD103565, BX105329, CB118745, BM272299, Z78340, BM910096, BI752941, AV716905, AW340308, AW362032, BM738947, BE702562, AA679054, AA910059, CD701194, BM977366, AA766226, CD691614, BF540730, AI694991, AI792373, BG531828, BF207616, AA128984, H14680, BG119667, T08142, AV763342, AV764126, AA128983, BF364343, BQ002635, BQ008613, CA423918, BM792789, CA417441, CA418772, Z78339, W90440, N28386, D59901, R24851, BM684959, BM931907, AI685618, BG621929, AW007533, CA440408, AI768447, Z42933, AW385347, AI743250, AA649171, BF593505, AI683070, BQ316181, BM989024, AW896052, BM021521, AA682848, BQ428064, BM021241, AI768554, N99774, AI769320, BF197240, BF475901, BM023592, AW814434, BM146299, R20012, AL709475, BM023291, BF197600, AU147242, AA043269, AA043268, BM148801, CD678743, AI147056, N20033, AI825216, BF507953, AI934949, AI452776, W90107, AI857356, N71335, AA403079, N71385, AA249090 Exonuclease1: AL561030, BX416336, BU159140, AU124774, BU166252, AL582335, AL517937, BU190454, BG762651, BG764476, BU179240, BU163048, BG120654, BE780022, BE260617, AA486526, AL043793, BE385439, BM788680, AL517936, AL530611, BG1111229, BM837022, BX280790, AV712138, BU616763, AL530610, CA419695, W79628, BF793400, AW390232, BE538507, BU178737, BX437336, BQ576087, BE082055, BM988542, CA446317, BQ776150, BM983504, BU617051, AW390243, BQ015148, BG251725, BU619316, BF435309, CD644038, AI693533, AW665143, BE464836, BF240758, BM479145, AL043794, AA489549, BM465399, BF478070, AA703000, AW977979, AI768937, AA485938, AU148568, BF979589, AA122095, AA122096, N74770, W79484, AI653837, AA972063, BE737930, AI968408, AA578654, AI859579, BE738387, BF870905, AI683464, AA812220, BU623456, CA430743, BE154204, BQ012304, BE274208, AI357911, AA485921, BF870910, AW663404, AI005418, AI023645, AA622919, BE085798, AW080921, AI040508, AI084836, AW664078, AA909643, AA832160, BI494500, BI494499, BG527833, BX470325, BF435984 Poli: BX360120, BX370036, BX329075, BX436380, BM453196, BX370037, BM470558, BM450274, BG428228, BG532401, CD642641, BX378703, BG564733, BQ316794, BX360119, BM788353, BM714817, BG724156, BI560521, AA156839, BU958811, W60418, BG678675, BF219796, BG718281, CA431039, BI465231, BX378704, BE895738, BQ438265, AW852908, AW247603, CA418634, C18134, BQ086307, BM979833, BQ429462, BM918353, CA447232, BQ365259, CA446505, BU688625, C18844, BQ365051, CB243862, BU624232, BX386327, AW974469, AA878207, BQ102388, N57090, AA812734, AA856713, AA156602, AW418676, AW857684, R37923, AA648538, BM559425, AW150751, AA383550, AW880052, AW269829, AI634894, AW468818, BF111492, AA825419, AW070469, AA890447 Rad51: AL541688, AL524788, AL530472, BQ053625, BM808716, BQ070341, AL526587, AL526399, BU182612, BX364160, BX349297, BQ438308, BU553012, BM910438, BM558629, AI347079, BM810067, BG826929, BG774318, BU508719, BI827729, BE262785, BU164989, AL563696, BQ278437, BE256767, BQ424388, BI826961, BF969466, BM804639, BQ918872, BU624430, BF311612, BF313593, AU118946, AL563755, BF970732, BG325079, AL524787, BM791694, BM018810, BG338607, AL530290, BE312219, BM011814, BM745228, BE883694, BG474115, BU931527, BF982698, AL526641, BG420079, AW732525, BF203788, BM557367, BG480368, BM972210, BE514829, BF684891, AU123935, BF313295, AL569030, AL526670, BE394150, BI197901, BQ070384, BG469700, AW006523, AA568782, AU145391, BG774691, AI419710, CF139164, BE280848, BI193363, BG470554, BM147841, BX475529, BX494877, BE890859, BU596395, BM555611, BM796675, AI670798, BQ224221, AW103435, AA873056, BE779265, BX475478, BE926933, BE186007, BQ316481, BQ316480, BF683589, BF764274, A018041, AW392597, AU100170, BM145097, BQ316451 Rad51D: BX443779, BM915550, BU681257, AL559564, BI915527, BI254468, BG829674, BI823883, BM476837, BU521767, BQ961661, BI916871, BG475664, CD387861, AI692982, AA707504, BX327473, AL581158, BE382759, AL597240, BI915277, AW631291, N57184, BU786480, AU098391, AA352205, AA868613, BQ576251, AA868612, D59413, BU784751, BI561390, BX111725, BF905526, CA423187, BF905698, BM559794, BE827486, AW948521 Xrcc2: BQ068576, BX283699, BQ430896, AW795339, BX490624, AL575509, CD365380, CD364971, CD299443, BX452455, CD103503, CB998612, CB241699, CB161449, CB160341, BX112725, CA436504, CA433495, BU681335, BU677265, BU508799, BQ771572, BQ229516, BQ217842, BQ030362, BQ028254, BQ026904, BQ017903, BQ000324, BM992214, BM710721, BM707110, BM353061, BM312475, BM054681, BM047586, BM023098, BI911022, BI907991, BI222447, BG621955, BG259639, BG121288, BF695702, BF573900, BF475941, BE962487, AV713355, BE768228, BE768138, BE716250, BE674520, BE617958, BE617517, BE243767, BE046093, BE044165, AW856234, AW795333, AW469111, AW338249, AW272847, AW192175, AW152595, AW081629, AI921359, AI866980, AI859056, AI812052, AI807730, AI761522, AI693828, AI636343, AI587436, AI469779, AI458271, AI423414, AI401226, AI357497, AI347767, AI346854, AI346825, AI343926, AI304763, AI304314, AI299263, AI223196, AI222728, AI220037, AI219853, AI140511, AI125306, AI094986, AI089590, AI051303, AI021980, AI018616, AA928999, AA782270, AL574032 Rad54: BX403014, BX333113, BX363903, BQ277879, BU552753, BU932120, BX363304, BU553867, BX402970, BG679516, BU170678, BU173543, AL520104, BX414817, BU160045, BU932121, BQ225695, BX403013, AU124617, BG471582, BX363902, BI819429, BX363303, BG393630, BX386730, BU553362, BQ048878, BE797412, BG763599, BG258318, BF689785, BU855314, BM789908, BM720371, BE378872, BE397391, BE270285, BG768944, BM739336, BG030016, BX414818, BF304094, BM795109, BE742863, BU633988, BQ224151, BF308260, BM821481, BF663661, BX483240, BG323434, BF690175, BE614490, BX329613, BU634286, BG740710, CD696837, BE872543, CA414068, AI818766, BM754736, AI061463, AL040507, BG395239, BM773411, BM825772, AA313874, BG944997, BG827295, BU934008, BM772100, BF769132, AW516286, BM745768, BM765732, BG720800, AU148441, BM746228, BM678712, AA227600, AW236802, AA582917, BG114710, BM753165, AI990748, BM753679, BM745825, AA724587, BU849113, BX106292, AL520105, BI255111, BE613982, AI372035, BM857179, BF913956, BE708827, AA227900, BM801845, AW003486 BRCA1: BQ679749, BQ068830, BU194336, BU155689, AU122476, BM452288, BQ683955, BU552955, BU163307, AU142729, BQ878445, BU171200, BG681276, BQ676829, BU163141, BQ681242, CF121736, BQ422380, AU125312, BF508987, BF791668, BM042892, BU147444, BQ677666, BQ215100, CB155501, BG178466, BF983078, BG777447, AI992040, AL704228, AI589028, BF794879, BG257190, AL135363, AA608570, BG530796, BM800251, BM042282, CB118225, BE264293, AW295197, AW968546, AA205436, BE043993, AW968720, AI915085, CB158976, AA804632, AW504244, AU148997, BE018878, BE206562, AA702344, BQ214737, AW514868, AA812019, BE564528, AI684595, BU617173, AA486004, BU679389, BX102233, CB150491, AA814998, AA484941, CF142324, CF138586, CB136844, CB108172, AA773331, AI680547, BU677011, BM755214, CF596982, CF143993, AA111870, CF144118, A040685, BM988066, BF447679, BF028959, BQ308670, BX644276, H90415, AW673569, BM755305, AA086435, BF795489, AW408596, BQ378479, AW575729, BQ378695, AW964452, BE560149, BX497486, AI217721, AL043576, AA205474, AA917008 Ku80: AL542654, AL537322, AL556485, AL552210, BM927751, AL557736, BX418952, BM801948, AL541582, AL516832, BX425176, BM905671, BX458362, BU193782, AL540737, BQ679008, AL550730, BM471778, BX446693, BU146999, BM560171, AL548391, BQ213485, BQ220595, AL542266, BU542616, BQ651471, AL541946, BM803480, BX439845, BQ899268, BQ672013, BM800555, BX419500, BX415043, BM543372, AU131739, BQ679661, BU188691, BQ059109, BM451420, BQ880232, BQ645929, BM467250, BM453905, BQ650072, AU142506, BU188386, BM451883, AU124221, BU168862, BQ649861, BU170704, BU155107, BU146251, BQ226372, AU125704, BU177113, CF552735, BX439846, BQ424597, BM549064, BU509423, BM809313, BI259161, BQ878391, BU158765, BQ226911, BX421454, AU119267, BQ898623, BQ425827, BG827810, BQ642849, BU177743, CD107663, CF265072, BM466124, AU141293, CD243745, AL575698, BQ921196, BQ427943, BM470728, AU131108, BG576028, AU131971, BU150184, AU132099, BU176974, BQ223936, BX447056, BU153309, BM466876, AU132244, AU122435, BQ229983, BQ881903, BM454471, BQ924231 XRCC4: BX362079, BX340876, AL543920, BM471375, AL551668, BI760531, AL558342, BI770803, CD580212, BG682493, BI758185, BG699970, BG505339, BI822602, BI463813, BG772422, BM465969, BU664243, BG776379, CA394395, BI464058, BQ226357, BI828556, BQ233170, BF183927, CB962180, BE748849, BE748380, CB146884, BF211589, BX281210, BQ421318, AW950192, BF572503, BM846671, AA314379, BF669890, CD706606, AL580186, AA447878, BX279574, AL575167, AA258143, CB144620, BG500252, BF247013, BG499117, AA448976, BF107431, BF214359, R19860, AV717223, CA453949, BG497598, AA065267, BE254850, BU171074, BM564730, AU099389, BE781259, BE780721, BE778165, AA398779, BE781955, BE783342, AA398935, AV743689, AL570210, BF895164, BF242563, BX362078, R14027, CD358588, AI795996, BG282107, BG206341, BG204714, BG199056, BG193494, BG219448, BG218328, BX389897, BG221405, BG208423, BG204713, BG201112, BG196512, BG187196, BG192946, BG214239, BG211030, BG208424, BG203200, BG198531, BG198530, BG186701, BG186093, BG181983, BG213659, BG214740 Tin2: BM911894, BQ941808, BX398174, BM915062, BQ066985, BX430064, BX347075, BX387627, BI837194, BQ423479, BX347045, BI871294, BE747943, BX429614, BX347087, BX337436, BU942629, CD244144, BX388585, BF793349, BX346850, BX388520, BX423719, BX367761, BG420146, BE903807, BE727299, BX388767, BX428959, BX430065, BX326045, BX346831, BX355414, BX428954, BX367991, BI193188, BX388709, BX398173, BX394341, BX442338, BX326233, BX432669, BQ707785, CK005692, BE562849, BU187043, BX429889, BM541314, BX444001, BX474320, BX386120, BX355792, BX395024, BQ218393, BE408455, BX381411, BX423718, BQ222471, BF125394, BE410701, BX388630, BI909268, BX374920, BX375500, BX368189, BF125791, BM549897, BF125418, BE743717, BX333804, BX450403, BI754471, BI760932, BX388787, BX356844, BI518422, BI488522, BQ707493, AA428113, AV686147, BQ720769, BM545840, BE383960, BI764031, BI767028, CB216205, BG824273, AW402903, BI835774, BQ707958, BM452819, BI833476, BI755739, BM919172, BX326360, AV693747, BI116486, BX368042, BE882159, BI821458 Sir2: BM544569, BX445007, BI834120, BM547962, BQ228980, BU507144, AL550142, BX367337, BQ072979, BI766740, CD624348, BQ052789, BU182713, BQ068262, BM920249, BQ951302, BE379525, BI862361, BX375262, CF264878, BF528797, BM462565, BX340941, BM806242, BI518634, CD515474, BX453795, BU195684, BQ068338, BQ058696, BE798693, BQ645221, BG437042, CD517619, BX380923, BQ068347, AL519386, BU197397, BM903578, BI554088, CD624352, BQ221442, BM473470, AL533183, BM924936, BI766260, BI918160, BI762157, BF034485, CD674710, BQ653076, BI603360, BG723057, BG339784, BM546244, BQ929517, CD624347, BI523850, BX428185, BG339736, BG468891, BG386360, BI838558, BI771058, CD624353, BF345522, BI823957, CD558177, BI766390, BI768954, BI768415, AL549311, BI907256, BM906233, BG819884, BI910251, BI760600, BI517372, BM805816, BF529638, AL561653, BQ430510, BQ339694, CB150996, BF975840, BG032959, BF531032, BI756237, BF975705, BU196170, BI763858, BI918541, BI524122, BG332544, BG328012, CD624351, BF686436, BG288542, BI838925, BE867361 MGMT: BU931774, BU859113, BU172662, BQ641434, BQ220709, BI771279, BI520278, BG753063, BU850242, BQ228817, BQ710379, BI520938, BG764104, BX094941, BQ279107, BI226276, BU858086, BX509195, BM759902, BI520029, BU154192, AL520114, BM974121, CF130478, BM738844, CB992752, BI772512, BG436862, AL520115, BM973348, BG249568, BI520980, AL524961, CB993639, BM009017, BU845865, BM970224, BX373012, BU616455, CB055208, BI225271, BI333401, BX376972, CB055209, BU947266, CB997161, BE858532, BM972582, AI719186, BM670373, BU845870, AA978354, BM744653, BG340352, BQ222473, BM758658, CD369999, BG183775, BX351398, BE541556, CD249663, BM744647, BU737340, BM754382, BG1381704, AW168149, BM712082, AI963126, AW274265, BF109578, BE464809, BM711175, AI016474, AA126722, AI143841, AA948354, BU786059, BM049297, AA779559, AI052155, W58681, N95214, AA988766, BU566480, BX349121, BQ072274, AI057145, BM823702, AI040746, W25247, AA677158, AA136191, BX383619, AI123988, R72558, BQ217761, AW804292, AA565025, BE774145, AA868690 DUT: AL576853, AL519489, BM757904, CD247125, BM457507, BI091680, BQ440183, BM915011, BM740990, BU600705, BE386365, AL532465, AI686520, BM475441, AW968574, BF338018, BF206146, AI680930, BG682494, BI836025, BE221492, BI255334, AI951891, BI868234, AW968748, BM470935, BG700386, BE897174, CB529208, BU677683, BU677665, BU620392, AL554011, BQ777742, BE254729, CA777885, BU597092, AU119115, BU623296, BG717317, BG655751, AW162006, BI670458, BG705392, BE902236, BG717215, BG53201, BG610639, BG677850, AI635074, AI261871, BI091131, BG163981, BG113287, BE706306, AA056738, BE644721, CB110414, BF317403, BE551158, AA737006, BM554499, BE222283, AL532464, BM840182, AA256721, A373097, AW629827, CA778151, CB117412, BE549576, BG505144, BE218639, BF058963, AW341118, AW967946, AA278799, BE504213, AI191219, BI860728, AW962792, AI697600, CB137303, CB133275, BE502892, AA291243, AI199667, AA446533, BE673841, AI937879, AA434589, AI986329, AA433910, CA488337, BF938984, BU608498, BM559498, BU683317, BG403290, BM817453 TIMELESS: BM467715, BM927658, BM541298, BM801216, BQ052552, BQ945096, AL560919, BQ068552, BU845242, BQ071352, BU930918, BU854737, BQ068451, BQ961203, BQ055183, BU500665, BX390921, BX401304, BQ962781, BQ672871, BG749383, BX346012, BU521442, CF242984, BU552412, CD653932, AU125640, BU54348.5, BQ927368, BQ051381, BI222498, BG822789, BQ944034, BM046877, BU146750, BU956003, BQ670516, BQ061549, BG757741, BE797452, CA430803, BG819936, BE746308, BU187951, BE794062, BM013386, BE795708, BU553769, BM552373, BQ424129, CD654639, BM910771, BG388233, BE729276, BM013167, BE791318, BE514198, BM740568, BX350660, BG110568, BX110927, BI087328, BQ958679, BE727460, BG823400, BE729002, BG289919, BF971197, BM048813, BE514731, BE314800, BQ887260, BE745259, BE408808, BE208475, CA489086, BG478136, BU188642, CD673319, BE389356, AW382754, BE793649, BQ214512, AW383633, BM793905, BM789297, BQ221649, AW383534, AW673493, BM018763, CB990372, AW383548, BQ937242, BQ678339, BU172010, BU167922, BU163559, BQ679317, BQ679254, BQ679251 Pif1: AI655645.1, AI280491.1, AI654749.1, AI333976.1, AA743647.1, AA872541.1, AA279102.1, AA278838.1, AI827264.1, AI652391.1, AW004048.1, CN358868.1, CN358870.1, T85126.1, T88870.1, CN358869.1, T54683.1, T54599.1, CN358871.1, CN265097.1, AA464521.1, BG231673.1, AA642924.1, BX109827.1, AI696210.1, AI745642.1, AI984536.1, AW170361.1, AW590310.1, AW663962.1, AW801494.1, BF516453.1, BG951026.1, BI116535.1, BM043514.1, W60651.1, W60880.1, BM888249.1, BQ061682.1, BQ065272.1, BQ958807.1, BU502486.1, CA310274.1, AA464522.1, BE280562.1, BF316643.1, AA827755.1, CN259034.1, CN277199.1, AA973831.1, CN259037.1, CN259036.1, BX283578.1, AI889087.1, BG323851.1, BI063248.1, BI063942.1, BQ315498.1, BE148134.1 Mms4: BI918962.1, BE613887.1, AW672839.1, R86709.1, R85191.1, H80469.1, CN290252.1, CN281043.1, CN342824.1, R83093.1, BX333338.2, BX327691.2, D25658.1, AW955836.1, BE378681.1, BE542457.1, CN484982.1, R87430.1, BE887145.1, BE895828.1, BE897152.1, AU118079.1, BF244395.1, BE547467.1, BG028794.1, BG000465.1, BG167025.1, BG167838.1, BG255030.1, BG256327.1, BG436043.1, BG393362.1, BG498016.1, BI084419.1, BI088431.1, BF793987.1, BG996952.1, BI255051.1, BI256195.1, BI258650.1, BM462968.1, BM800592.1, BM802118.1, BM809503.1, BM906256.1, BM918347.1, BQ072173.1, BG992888.1, BQ216341.1, BQ218372.1, BQ230208.1, BQ232225.1, BG116791.1, BG120099.1, AA243757.1, AA443229.1, AA481119.1, AA774064.1, BX108233.1, BX333337.2, BX443561.2, BX328975.1, AI305107.1, BP429202.1, BX509606.1, BP430970.1, AW250729.1, BP430731.1, CK023740.1, CN482590.1, BQ082456.1 TopoisomeraseIIIa: BM462184.1, BQ226006.1, BQ215187.1, AI933546.1, AI694682.1, AW005757.1, AI871758.1, AI627306.1, AI357363.1, CN431712.1, CN431714.1, AI131044.1, CN431713.1, CN431717.1, CN431715.1, AI863107.1, N21546.1, AI652693.1, AI637907.1, AI917456.1, AW370762.1, AW375839.1, AW411282.1, AW411283.1, AW449041.1, AW449710.1, AW450373.1, CK300631.1, CD619024.1, CD619023.1, AW513442.1, AW748535.1, AW954652.1, BE062796.1, BE062799.1, BE062870.1, BE062878.1, BE275290.1, BE294390.1, BE297536.1, BE383990.1, BE384385.1, BE388003.1, BE389807.1, BE408865.1, BE410098.1, BE886538.1, AU125151.1, AU130137.1, BF307775.1, BF345890.1, AW601235.1, BF060985.1, AU148874.1, AU152155.1, BF772443.1, BF913078.1, AL555800.3, AL578214.3, BG281391.1, BG333658.1, BM046431.1, BM046548.1, BM049492.1, BM553540.1, BM683614.1, BM804018.1, BM817686.1, BM910465.1, BQ187307.1, BQ334676.1, BQ342906.1, BQ673046.1, BM929666.1, BQ883495.1, BQ897944.1, BQ929795.1, BU159208.1, AL601602.1, BU542042.1, BU191611.1, BU902730.1, AA307047.1, AA325934.1, AI206124.1, AI206134.1, CB123137.1, R45840.1, AL040785.1, BX394136.2, BX359327.2, BX359328.2, BX348607.2, AI969044.1, AI978571.1, BX499775.1, AW270386.1, AW351792.1, AW370749.1, AW370750.1, AW370754.1, AW370756.1, AW370757.1, AW370758.1, BU169620.1 Mus81: BI828324.1, BI822910.1, BI772783.1, BI766615.1, BI551731.1, BE313033.1, BF317447.1, BG912942.1, BG388554.1, BG336401.1, BM926996.1, BG334598.1, BG330488.1, BG328798.1, BG327203.1, BG165822.1, BM561952.1, BM795493.1, BI871701.1, BI909656.1, W05036.1, BM787599.1, BM015068.1, BM762869.1, BM715429.1, W46505.1, BM051590.1, BM193717.1, BM820646.1, BM673914.1, W46441.1, W46397.1, W46466.1, D81040.1, D81583.1, N66260.1, BI083900.1, BI084569.1, BI058696.1, N74665.1, BI015411.1, BI225125.1, BI261175.1, BI334628.1, BI520226.1, BI520852.1, BI495735.1, BI495736.1, N99229.1, BI818186.1, BI818415.1, BI821127.1, BI816797.1, AA278513.1, CA426286.1, CA428478.1, CA439511.1, CA488369.1, AA310067.1, AA321039.1, AA325265.1, AA353351.1, AA361208.1, AA361844.1, AA410784.1, AA412362.1, AA425903.1, AA483867.1, T24587.1, AA588568.1, AA742229.1, AA742315.1, R07365.1, AA767217.1, AA808486.1, AA811878.1, AA830456.1, AA831614.1, AA935774.1, BM828633.1, W86124.1, BQ004754.1, BQ007168.1, W94929.1, W92200.1, W96213.1, W96307.1, BQ219750.1, BQ421044.1, BQ673374.1, BQ716313.1, BM147893.1, BQ951454.1, BQ787518.1, BU626130.1, BU630449.1, AA195097.1, AA195293.1, AA235399.1, BU855063.1, AA256727.1, AA258031.1, AA261839.1, AA262485.1, AA262698.1, CB989437.1, CB995814.1, BX329339.2, BX363788.2, BX363789.2, BX364239.2, BX364240.2, BX376440.2, BX376441.2, BX352736.2, BX352737.2, BX400774.2, BX393197.2, AW008546.1, Z46145.1, Z41778.1, AW080590.1, AW081005.1, CF130974.1, AW057824.1, AI174987.1, CF272441.1, AW292451.1, AW296475.1, AA989261.1, AI004770.1, AI027750.1, AI078127.1, AI161039.1, BX117949.1, AI223161.1, AI198223.1, AI289132.1, AI291347.1, AI312012.1, AI423724.1, AI355186.1, AI444946.1, AI565701.1, AI568723.1, AI401565.1, AI589837.1, AI561084.1, AI696162.1, AI701699.1, AI708157.1, AI796616.1, AI809463.1, BE843407.1, AV683439.1, AV684455.1, AV692941.1, AV695347.1, BE871764.1, AV706138.1, AV737334.1, AV749817.1, D53819.1, BF337818.1, BF340725.1, BF345411.1, AA836608.1, H70568.1, BF594105.1, BF594519.1, BF742954.1, BF801584.1, BG026984.1, BF940759.1, AL535449.3, AL535450.3, BG393857.1, AW387757.1, CF995326.1, AW469599.1, CD632462.1, CD632461.1, AW905089.1, AW954207.1, CN336481.1, CN336479.1, CN336477.1, CN336478.1, CN336480.1, AW967947.1, CN422010.1, CN422011.1, CN422012.1, AW978460.1, CV028339.1, BE328203.1, H25803.1, BE379473.1, BE396264.1, BE396772.1, BE513701.1BE564111.1, AW365100.1, AW365101.1 SIRT1 (Sirtuin): AI037953.1, AA236993.1, N23557.1, H98832.1, R86123.1, AA044634.1, AI381553.1, AA608812.1, AI378978.1, AI367389.1, CN357085.1, AI972705.1, H12698.1, AI217748.1, CN357086.1, BE072031.1, BE081871.1, BE245026.1, BE463430.1, AV660110.1, AV660133.1, D59300.1, BE883278.1, D62968.1, AV704288.1, AV704956.1, AV750129.1, BF445130.1, BF692058.1, BF848464.1, BF848494.1, AW615289.1, AV718812.1, AV720195.1, BF590111.1, BF796692.1, BG026102.1, BG036612.1, BF999696.1, BG178600.1, BG282746.1, BG283059.1, BG496097.1, BG498089.1, N68314.1, BI091351.1, BG705339.1, BG717615.1, BI258271.1, AL599794.1, BI520244.1, BI869083.1, BI918557.1, BM273130.1, BM475115.1, BM697223.1, BM905888.1, BM980158.1, BM986798.1, BQ025488.1, BQ219206.1, BQ226337.1, BQ631955.1, BQ632248.1, BM152225.1, BU186744.1, BM452557.1, AA251252.1, AA382573.1, AA452304.1, AA460952.1, AA461259.1, AA828109.1, BX105044.1, AI751813.1, AI751814.1, AI807525.1, AL042303.1, CD110682.1, AW007728.1, AW020605.2, AW021852.1, BX505161.1, AW504399.1, CK820052.1, CK820053.1, AW967429.1, AW996552.1, BU935054.1 Esp1: BM456594.1, BM051112.1, BM049903.1, BM044277.1, BM013405.1, BI262337.1, BI117483.1, BI200147.1, BI195989.1, BI023133.1, BG821987.1, BG767950.1, BG760762.1, BG756617.1, BG684814.1, BG493667.1, BG490228.1, BG480927.1, BG479609.1, BG469946.1, BG386315.1, BG337498.1, BG328178.1, BF932278.1, BF973206.1, BF972380.1, BF764335.1, BF742768.1, AA780037.1, AA581005.1, AA580948.1, AA548572.1, T86767.1, AA455415.1, T86675.1, AA339975.1, AA248889.1, BU856483.1, BU855930.1, BU844826.1, BQ958098.1, BQ939849.1, BQ894059.1, BQ893225.1, BQ882493.1, BQ881349.1, BF924624.1, BQ361233.1, BQ069829.1, BQ052875.1, BQ052507.1, BQ014621.1, BM905149.1, BM837056.1, BM797577.1, BM468940.1, AW207246.1, CF137736.1, CF137709.1, CF137594.1, CF135495.1, BX483646.1, CD579284.2, AW009863.1, AW008862.1, CD359905.1, CD299902.1, BX415621.2, A816969.1, AL046060.1, A800823.1, R42883.1, AI458447.1, AI446360.1, AI283098.1, AI268609.1, AI214569.1, AI127437.1, R21501.1, AA928961.1, AI023991.1, AI023899.1, AI022797.1, AA948058.1, BF512245.1, BF698487.1, BF697145.1, BF686746.1, BF683733.1, AA694341.1, BF314077.1, BF155328.1, BF154952.1, BF154938.1, BE538398.1, BE467107.1, CR746800.1, BE019694.1, CN356489.1, CN356487.1, CN356486.1, CN356485.1, CN356484.1, CN356488.1CN356495.1, CN356494.1, CN356493.1, CN356492.1, CN356491.1, CN356490.1, AW867242.1, AW497592.1 MPG: BE567173.1, BF678850.1, BG769688.1, BM663214.1, BM690361.1, BM707428.1, BM750136.1, BM771938.1BM796074.1, BM796301.1, BM822805.1, BM823382.1, BM823606.1, BM825519.1, BM831379.1, W69334.1, W69335.1, BM852297.1, BM909194.1, BM914408.1, W76127.1, BM922561.1, BM970297.1, BQ053339.1, BQ224541.1, AA010929.1, AA011317.1, BQ416588.1, BQ416589.1, BQ416891.1, BQ416892.1, BQ430971.1, BF174738.1, BG469815.1, BG479289.1, BG574541.1, BG686214.1, BG779735.1, BG746848.1, BG763639.1, BG823448.1, BG830627.1, BI253826.1, BI259059.1, BI524092.1, N90880.1, N91934.1, BI552950.1, BI713520.1, BI759543.1, BI818264.1, BI820665.1, BI791744.1, BI870400.1, BI858760.1, BI964886.1, BI906325.1, W17097.1, BM194361.1, BM471029.1, BM543869.1, BM552363.1, BM556912.1, BU565588.1, BU631253.1, AA187311.1, AA187412.1, BU684880.1, BU687924.1, BU858254.1, BU860310.1, BU956115.1, CA337274.1, CA423548.1, CA438664.1, CA441991.1, CA488184.1, CA488371.1, AA299077.1, AA285256.1, AA491244.1, AA503832.1, AA527886.1, AA568795.1, AA578450.1, AA603076.1, AA621361.1, AA732078.1, AA761676.1, AA767201.1, AA768478.1, AA768552.1, AA806008.1, AA853981.1, AA857130.1, AA026824.1, AA026957.1, BQ447759.1, BQ668747.1, BQ675987.1, BQ676108.1, BQ676179.1, BQ676405.1, BQ678708.1, BQ678722.1, BQ680099.1, BQ682489.1, BQ684616.1, BQ686780.1, BQ773643.1, BM147473.1, BM149314.1, BQ888825.1, BQ921148.1, BQ927180.1, BQ945550.1, AA065084.1, AA064997.1, BU195384.1, BU149567.1, BU157028.1, BU168113.1, BU172290.1, AA113980.1, AA113972.1, AA115941.1, AA122238.1, AI695611.1, AI739369.1, AI750356.1, AI754347.1, AI765874.1, AI798386.1, CB267218.1, BX281276.1, AI817691.1, AI913581.1, AI922106.1, AI928586.1, CB997674.1, BX395164.2, CD105357.1, BX353976.2, BX372753.2, BX392614.1, BX357530.2, BX391673.2, AI961117.1, CD368856.1, AW007326.1, AW072347.1, AW083039.1, AW131829.1, AW149104.1, AJ573841.1, AJ573842.1, AW204546.1, AW206735.1, AA971357.1, AI015443.1, AI037999.1, AI089498.1, AI131317.1, AI143697.1, CB044049.1, CB044050.1, CB048492.1, CB048493.1, CB048779.1, CB049248.1, CB049249.1, AI149080.1, AI188471.1, AI205596.1, AI208926.1, AI209171.1, CB128954.1, AI203215.1, AI345964.1, AI350908.1, AI382391.1, AI453105.1, AI457314.1, AI521404.1, AI553664.1, AI569449.1, AI580320.1, AI679185.1, AI695608.1, BF001487.1, BF002356.1, T28409.1, BF109116.1, BF219424.1, AA862053.1, BF664362.1, BF669361.1, BF526924.1, BF572325.1, BF790595.1, BG033001.1, BG033146.1, BF974328.1, BF940863.1, BG165742.1, BG153198.1, AL520051.3, AL520052.3, AL521514.3, AL521515.3, N26769.1, AL524386.3, AL524387.3, AL527543.3, AL527544.3, AL530961.3, AL530962.3, N30855.1, BG284431.1, BG430698.1, F04542.1, AW291955.1, CF993786.1, AW452798.1, AW590115.1, AW593038.1, CK902061.1, CN266626.1, CN266627.1, CN266628.1, CN266629.1, CN266630.1, CN266631.1, CN266632.1, AW973756.1, BE045501.1, BE207420.1, BE275484.1, BE385924.1, BE394756.1, BE408565.1, BE465105.1, BE502294.1, BE538276.1, BE733520.1, BE735753.1, BE780181.1, AV694099.1, BE908188.1, BE909470.1, BF000140.1, BF000556.1, CB114652.1, CN276703.1, N41382.1, BQ694950.1 Poll: BQ052050.1, BQ072779.1, BQ232853.1, BG823706.1, BE264721.1, BI758654.1, BE539840.1, BE541711.1, BG389885.1, BG331116.1, BI770175.1, BE880092.1, BM544877.1, BI825514.1, BE974036.1, BI827122.1, BI910222.1, BI906881.1, BI909106.1, BI906886.1, BI772047.1, BG945087.1, BI091406.1, BG770791.1, BG764790.1, BG763955.1, BG751184.1, BG749688.1, BG490202.1, BF171635.1, AL562678.3, AL541662.3, AL526446.3, BG149290.1, BG024414.1, BF807384.1, BF591938.1, BF476040.1, BF475279.1, AA807380.1, AA742404.1, T81701.1, CA406519.1, CA405484.1, BU855318.1, AA234405.1, BU618135.1, BU194042.1, BU184350.1, BU191914.1, BU159682.1, BQ957310.1, BQ932866.1, BM148925.1, M145476.1, BG118565.1, BG056482.1, BQ311579.1, BQ276405.1, AL702021.1, AL702011.1, AL698041.1, M923533.1, BM908370.1, W69888.1, BM824844.1, BM801377.1, BM354225.1, BM273229.1, BI912822.1, BI909369.1, AW406239.1, AW418802.1, AW377370.1, AW377335.1, AW377300.1, AW377298.1, AW377264.1, AW377257.1, AW367852.1, CF147037.1, CF140209.1, CF140207.1, BX426881.2, BX372137.1, BX384565.2, BX384564.2, AA991853.1, AA927738.1, AA922738.1, C A976110.1, CB151800.1, CB131141.1, AI538103.1, AI922500.1, BX333693.2, BX351220.1, BX361517.2, BX382774.2, BX398077.2, BX398078.2, BX400678.2, BX374468.2, BX390819.1, BE144586.1, BE162920.1, BP871239.1, CV025896.1, BE392666.1, BE562674.1, BE744935.1, BE819364.1, BE905104.1, BE938379.1, BE938389.1, AV705731.1, AU118033.1, AU122737.1, AU141478.1, AU144697.1, BF433511.1, AW673654.1, AW731648.1, AW752914.1, AW752922.1, AW768836.1, AW769721.1, CK820138.1, CK820139.1, CN304569.1, CN304570.1, CN304571.1, CN304572.1, CN304573.1, CN304574.1, CN304575.1, CN304576.1, H11886.1, CD243848.1, BX448084.2, BG488800.1, BI027900.1, BI460283.1, BM479907.1, BM541632.1, BM563437.1, BQ232479.1, BQ923975.1, BQ954336.1, BU195355.1 Polm: BI914097.1, BI908863.1, BI907196.1, BI858799.1, BG700584.1, BM920340.1, BI769194.1, BG483069.1, BG499408.1, BG910514.1, BI029339.1, BI001584.1, BI752559.1, BI838830.1, BI857029.1, BM739081.1, BM739884.1, BM739966.1, BM744174.1, AV692664.1, AV697631.1, AV697781.1, AV699741.1, BF102699.1, AU129189.1, AA694217.1, AA766124.1, AW613566.1, BF530871.1, BF819685.1, BF895261.1, BG253328.1, AL523598.3, AL529987.2, AL529988.3, AL562232.3, BG231904.1, BG386713.1, BM148157.1, BM148944.1, BM149019.1, BM151641.1, BU517199.1, BU520948.1, AA077726.1, CA388951.1, CA487306.1, CA487434.1, AA298793.1, CA944555.1, AA507121.1, AA605050.1, AA769270.1, AA814924.1, AA815032.1, AA832314.1, AA917987.1, BM744180.1, BM747399.1, BM752457.1, BM755685.1, BM756419.1, BM756478.1, BM804478.1, BM808078.1, BM853841.1, BM911482.1, BM911832.1, AL700896.1, BQ015336.1, BQ214851.1, BQ686436.1, AA046576.1, AA046663.1, BG1316876.1, BM147833.1, BX390956.2, BX350666.1, BX385063.2, BX385064.2, CD109226.1, BX354131.1, BX354132.2, BX351215.2, BX376517.2, BX376518.2, BX395027.2, BX335337.2, BX335338.2, BX383403.1, BX383404.2, BX383221.2, BX402828.2, BX402829.2, BX384388.2, AI025113.1, AA928729.1, AI057140.1, AI208523.1, AA910584.1, AI365238.1, AI365240.1, AI392687.1, AI419960.1, AI458707.1, AI459543.1, AI469103.1, AI627311.1, AI652512.1, AI654109.1, AI738949.1, AI767982.1, AI638032.1, CB990757.1, BE241524.1, BE241656.1, BE241950.1, BE242681.1, BE242829.1, BE242932.1, BE243489.1, BE244287.1, BE247085.1, BE247483.1, CR735361.1, BE503442.1, BE789823.1, AV685517.1, AV688018.1, AV688777.1, AV689313.1, AV689923.1, AV691130.1, BX393262.2, BX435165.2, BX419627.2, CD252488.1, BX477278.1, AW070683.1, AW137352.1, AW182301.1, CF529830.1, AW207742.1, AW296010.1, AW361738.1, AW402473.1, AW575118.1, AW578625.1, AW592532.1, CN480773.1, CN304577.1, CN304578.1, CB104684.1, AI438940.1, CB266611.1, CN293022.1, AA078383.1 EndoV: BQ279208.1BM554738.1, BM911430.1, BI830073.1, BI829389.1, BG681481.1, BG819544.1, BI117355.1, BI551407.1, BQ287914.1, BQ050806.1, BQ024655.1, BQ021027.1, W87446.1, BM926784.1, BM128679.1, BM128571.1, BM128352.1, AA720808.1, AA452047.1, AA363057.1, AA351281.1, BU621053.1, BU553848.1, BU527982.1, BQ957094.1, AA056490.1, BQ923151.1, BQ923003.1, BQ772531.1, BQ435901.1, BQ429806.1, BQ429804.1, BQ427432.1, BQ417371.1, BQ342726.1, R14533.1, CB143295.1, AI370900.1, BX334744.2, BX355957.2, Z41683.1, AW157406.1, CK819308.1, CN288502.1, CN310874.1, CN310875.1, CN310876.1, AW975617.1, H09974.1, BE619534.1, BE905153.1, BE938460.1, BF686490.1, BF477753.1, AL541721.3, AL569045.3, BG749082.1, BI549266.1, BI550542.1, BI550562.1, BI837982.1, BI917934.1, BM007984.1, BM008131.1, BM043073.1, BM047737.1, BX092874.1, AI219827.1, AI249283.1, AA926664.1, AI223657.1, AI290823.1, AI300416.1, AI311040.1, AI349370.1, AI393803.1, AI307620.1, AI571214.1, AI635870.1, AI660440.1, AI681370.1, AI702794.1, AW001931.1, AW136860.1, AW204051.1, AW438764.1, BE041666.1, BE043347.1, BE049112.1, BE219425.1, BE219749.1, BE672512.1, BF194919.1, BF196166.1, BF718311.1, BF840896.1, BM662670.1, BM665527.1, BM671155.1, BM684408.1, BM689003.1, BM710007.1, BM711618.1, BM930887.1, AA451847.1, AA593804.1, AA617805.1, T96971.1 KNTC2(NDC80): BG612856.1, BG532554.1, BG531886.1, BI093871.1, BG500282.1, BI825656.1, BE561023.1, BE564344.1, BE565202.1, BE566742.1, BE903220.1, BQ233581.1, BQ425406.1, BF029347.1, CD557751.1, BU507911.1, BF977553.1, BF976962.1, BF700934.1, BF219086.1, BF244797.1, BF700668.1, BF246890.1, BF684028.1, BF667950.1, BF666100.1, BF665251.1, AU151690.2, BF540908.1, AU099103.1, BF576929.1, BG403284.1, BF589484.1, AL583281.3, AL583241.3, AL531915.3, AL531914.3, AL527360.3, BF984727.1, AL527307.3, BG257162.1, BF899120.1, BF994346.1, BF978548.1, BU633554.1, AA188980.1, AA188981.1, AA189047.1, AA211359.1, BU943322.1, AA249583.1, AA249666.1, CA311030.1, CA446863.1, AA312280.1, T89463.1, AA492580.1, AA628019.1, AA639709.1, AA700427.1, AA857356.1, AA878068.1, BG679506.1, BI087094.1, BI260526.1, N88235.1, BI861865.1, BM194061.1, BM453009.1, BM476696.1, BM806248.1, BM828736.1, BM995677.1, W72679.1, AL711170.1, AL710845.1, BQ307283.1, BQ307306.1, BQ776047.1, BQ776118.1, CN294243.1, CN294241.1, CN294240.1, CN294239.1, CN294238.1, CN294237.1, AW821289.1, AW955129.1, AW573107.1, AW449014.1, BP430527.1, AW069561.1, AI979323.1, BX453617.2, AI955047.1, AI954614.1, BX431751.2, BX372554.2, BX353230.2, BX351284.2, BX333981.2, AI913466.1, AI866885.1, BX284007.1, BF246242.1, AI660156.1, AI380253.1, BP369219.1, BF218992.1, BP282259.1, AU129601.1, BP283529.1, AI341287.1, BF084870.1, BP290528.1, BP242960.1, BP239153.1, CV030676.1, CN294245.1, CN294236.1, BF082771.1, BE503512.1, AI341285.1, BF038467.1, BE543964.1, CB150849.1, CB160181.1, BF001266.1, BE672102.1, CN294234.1, CN294233.1, R94766.1, CV363738.1, BE927464.1, AA911686.1, AV718407.2, BE940500.1, BE857720.1, BE889796.1, AV718036.1, BF687621.1, BF447144.1, CN294232.1, CN294235.1, CN294244.1, R92253.1

A preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an apoptosis-inducing agent comprising double-strand RNA having RNAi effects and having as one of the strands thereof a contiguous RNA region of mRNA corresponding to a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes) or any of the aforementioned ESTs.

As described above, each of the aforementioned genes may contain various polymorphisms even for the same gene. Those skilled in the art can suitably design an RNA sequence expected to have RNAi effects for any of the nucleotide sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 637 and 810 to 908 or the aforementioned EST sequences by incorporating data from, for example, a public polymorphism database relating to any of the aforementioned genes. An apoptosis-inducing agent comprising such an RNA is also included in the present invention. In addition, RNA having optimum RNAi effects can be suitably selected by those skilled in the art from several types of double-strand RNA produced in the present invention to obtain an apoptosis-inducing agent.

Specific examples of the aforementioned “double-strand RNA having RNAi effects” of the present invention include siRNA molecules having as one of the strands of the double-strand RNA a nucleotide sequence described in FIGS. 1 to 4 and FIGS. 28 to 32 (a nucleotide sequence described in any of SEQ ID NOs: 724 to 809 and 974 to 1063) (siRNA molecules composed of a nucleotide sequence described in any of SEQ ID NOs: 724 to 809 and 974 to 1063, and a complementary strand thereto). Namely, an embodiment of the present invention provides a cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent comprising as its active ingredient an siRNA molecule in which one of the strands of the double-strand RNA having RNAi effects comprises a nucleotide sequence described in any of SEQ ID NOs: 724 to 809 and 974 to 1063 (an siRNA molecule composed of a nucleotide sequence described in any of SEQ ID NOs: 724 to 809 and 974 to 1063, and a complementary strand thereto).

In addition, one of the RNA sequences of a double strand region in the aforementioned siRNA molecule is not necessarily limited to that which is completely identical to a nucleotide sequence described in any of the aforementioned SEQ ID NOs: 724 to 809 and 974 to 1063. For example, the aforementioned siRNA molecule may be an siRNA molecule having as one of the strands of the double-strand RNA a nucleotide sequence in which one or more nucleotides in the nucleotide sequence have been altered, as long as it has a function which inhibits expression of a gene of the present invention.

Namely, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, double-strand RNA having RNAi effects is double-strand RNA having a function which inhibits expression of a gene of the present invention, in which one of the strands of the double strand is a nucleotide sequence having one or more nucleotide additions, deletions or substitutions to a nucleotide sequence described in any of SEQ ID NOs: 724 to 809 and 974 to 1063, and the other strand is a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence. The above “more” usually refers to a small number, and more specifically, refers to 2 to 10, preferably 2 to 5, and more preferably 2 to 3.

In addition, a preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an apoptosis-inducing agent in which the compound which inhibits expression of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes) is (a) or (b) below:

(a) an antisense nucleic acid to a transcription product, or a portion thereof, of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene of the present invention (for example, any of the aforementioned genes), or (b) a nucleic acid having ribozyme activity which specifically cleaves a transcription product of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene of the present invention (for example, any of the aforementioned genes).

As used herein, the term “nucleic acid” refers to RNA and DNA. Methods well known to those skilled in the art for inhibiting (suppressing) the expression of a specific endogenous gene include those using antisense technology. Multiple factors contribute to the inhibition of a target gene expression by an antisense nucleic acid. These factors include, for example, inhibition of transcription initiation through triplex formation; inhibition of transcription through hybrid formation with a sequence at the site of a local open loop structure made by RNA polymerase; inhibition of transcription through hybrid formation with the RNA being synthesized; inhibition of splicing through hybrid formation with a sequence at an intron-exon junction; inhibition of splicing through hybrid formation with a sequence at the site of spliceosome formation; inhibition of transfer from the nucleus to the cytoplasm through hybrid formation with mRNA; inhibition of splicing through hybrid formation with a sequence at the capping site or poly(A) site; inhibition of translation initiation through hybrid formation with a sequence at the site of binding of the translation initiation factor; inhibition of translation through hybrid formation with a sequence at the ribosome binding site near the initiation codon; inhibition of peptide chain elongation through hybrid formation with a sequence at the site of the translational region or polysome binding site of the mRNA; and inhibition of gene expression through hybrid formation with a sequence at the site of interaction between the expression regulatory region and the transcriptional regulatory factor. Thus, an antisense nucleic acid inhibits target gene expression by inhibiting various processes, such as transcription, splicing, and translation (Hirashima and Inoue, Shin Seikagaku Jikkenkoza 2 (New Lecture for Experimental Biochemistry 2), Kakusan IV (Nucleic Acid IV), Replication and Expression of Genes; Ed., Japanese Biochemical Society, Tokyo Kagaku Dozin Co., Ltd., pp. 319-347, 1993).

Antisense nucleic acids used in the present invention may inhibit the expression of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (e.g., any of the aforementioned genes) through any one of the actions described above. In one embodiment, an antisense sequence is designed to be complementary to the 5′-untranslated region of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (e.g., any of the aforementioned genes) mRNA. Thus such an antisense sequence is expected to effectively inhibit translation of that gene. A sequence complementary to the coding region or 3′-untranslated region can also be used for this purpose. Thus, a nucleic acid comprising the antisense sequence corresponding to the sequence of the translated as well as the untranslated regions of the chromosome stabilization-associated gene (e.g., any of the aforementioned genes) can be included as an antisense nucleic acid used in the present invention. The antisense nucleic acid to be used is ligated downstream of an appropriate promoter and preferably ligated with a sequence comprising a transcription termination signal at the 3′ end. The antisense nucleic acid to be used for clinical applications is typically a synthetic oligomer. Such synthetic oligomers include the widely used S-oligo (phosphorothioate oligo nucleotide) in which S (sulfur) has been substituted for O (oxygen) at the phosphate ester bond, thus reducing sensitivity to nuclease digestion and maintaining antisense nucleic acid activity. S-oligo is currently being tested as an antisense drug in clinical trials where it is administered directly to affected areas. This S-oligo is also suitable for use in the present invention. It is preferable that the antisense nucleic acid sequence is complementary to the target gene sequence or a portion thereof; however perfect complementarity is not necessary as long as the antisense nucleic acid effectively suppresses target gene expression. The transcribed RNA has preferably 90% or higher complementarity, and most preferably 95% or higher complementarity to the target gene transcript. The length of the antisense nucleic acid used to effectively suppress target gene expression is at least 15 nucleotides or longer, preferably 100 nucleotides or longer, and more preferably 500 nucleotides or longer.

The inhibition of chromosome stabilization-associated gene (e.g., any of the aforementioned genes) expression can also be achieved using a ribozyme or ribozyme-encoding DNA. The term “ribozyme” refers to an RNA molecule comprising catalytic activity. Ribozymes can have a variety of activities, and can be designed to have the activity of cleaving RNA in a site-specific fashion. Ribozymes such as group I intron-type ribozymes and MI RNA, which are RNase P ribozymes, are 400 nucleotides or more in length. Others such as hammerhead and hairpin ribozymes have active sites comprising about 40 nucleotides (M. Koizumi and E. Otsuka, Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso (Protein, Nucleic acid, and Enzyme), 1990, 35, 2191).

For example, the autolytic domain of a hammerhead ribozyme cleaves the 3′ side of C15 in the sequence G13U14C15. Base pairing between U14 and A9 plays an important role in this activity, and A15 or U15 can be cleaved instead of C15 (Koizumi, M. et al., FEBS Lett, 228: 228, 1988). A restriction enzyme-like RNA-cleaving ribozyme that recognizes the target RNA sequences UC, UU, or UA can be produced by designing the ribozyme such that the substrate binding site complements the RNA sequence near the target site (Koizumi, M. et al., FEBS Lett, 239: 285, 1988; M. Koizumi and E. Otsuka, Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso (Protein, Nucleic acid, and Enzyme), 35:2191, 1990; and Koizumi, M. et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 17: 7059, 1989).

The hairpin ribozyme can also be used for the purposes of the present invention. This ribozyme is found, for example, in the minus strand of tobacco ring spot virus satellite RNA (Buzayan, J. M., Nature, 323: 349, 1986). A target specific RNA-cleaving ribozyme can also be produced from a hairpin ribozyme (Kikuchi, Y. and Sasaki, N., Nucl. Acids Res., 19: 6751, 1991; Kikuchi, H., Kagaku to Seibutsu (Chemistry and Biology), 30:112, 1992). Thus, the expression of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene of the present invention can be inhibited by specifically digesting the gene transcript using a ribozyme.

The present invention also relates to a cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent comprising as its active ingredient a compound which inhibits the function (activity) of a protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes).

A protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene of the present invention includes mutant proteins or homolog proteins of a protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene. Such mutant proteins or homolog proteins are functionally equivalent to the protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene, and have an amino acid sequence with one or more amino acid deletions, substitutions, or additions to the amino acid sequence of the protein. Here, a “functionally equivalent protein” refers to a protein having a function which is similar to the function (for example, any of the functions of the aforementioned (a) to (s)) of a protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes).

Alternatively, a protein having, for example, 90% or more, desirably 95% or more, and more desirably 99% or more homology with the amino acid sequence of a protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes) can be indicated as a protein functionally equivalent to a protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene.

A preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an apoptosis-inducing agent in which a compound which inhibits the function (activity) of a protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes) is a compound described in any of (a) to (c) below. These compounds are thought to have an apoptosis-inducing action against cancer cells by inhibiting (decreasing) the function or activity of a protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes).

(a) Mutant proteins having dominant negative traits with respect to a protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene of the present invention (for example, any of the aforementioned genes). (b) Antibodies which bind to a protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene of the present invention (for example, any of the aforementioned genes). (c) Low molecular weight compounds which bind to a protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene of the present invention (for example, any of the aforementioned genes).

The “mutant proteins having dominant negative traits” in above (a) refer to mutants of a protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes) having a function to deactivate or decrease the activity of an endogenous wild-type protein.

The “antibodies” in above (b) can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art. Polyclonal antibodies, for example, can be obtained in the following manner. Serum is obtained from a small animal such as a rabbit immunized with a protein encoded by a naturally-occurring or recombinant chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes) or a protein encoded by a recombinant chromosome stabilization-associated gene expressed in microorganisms such as Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with GST, or a partial peptide thereof. This serum is then purified by, for example, ammonium sulfate precipitation, protein A column and protein G column, DEAE ion exchange chromatography, or an affinity column coupled with a protein or synthetic peptide encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene. In addition, monoclonal antibodies can be prepared by, for example, immunizing a small animal such as a mouse with a protein, or a partial peptide thereof, encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes), excising the spleen from the mouse, gently grinding the excised spleen to separate the cells, fusing the cells with mouse myeloma cells using a reagent such as polyethylene glycol, and selecting from the resulting fusion cells (hybridomas) those clones that produce an antibody which binds to the protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene. Next, a hybridoma thus obtained is transplanted into the mouse abdominal cavity, peritoneal fluid is recovered from the mouse. The resulting monoclonal antibody can then be purified by, for example, ammonium sulfate precipitation, protein A column and protein G column, DEAE ion exchange chromatography, or an affinity column coupled with a protein or a synthetic peptide encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene.

There are no particular restrictions on the antibody of the present invention so long as it is able to bind to a protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene of the present invention (for example, any of the aforementioned genes). In addition to the aforementioned polyclonal antibody and monoclonal antibody, the antibody includes human antibodies, humanized antibodies obtained by genetic recombination, and antibody fragments and antibody modification products thereof.

There are no limitations on the animal species as the source of a protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene of the present invention (for example, any of the aforementioned genes), which is used as a sensitizing antigen for acquiring antibody; however, a protein of mammalian origin, such as that from a mouse or human, is preferable, and a protein of human origin is particularly preferable.

Proteins to be used as a sensitizing antigen in the present invention may be intact proteins as well as partial peptides derived from those proteins. Such partial protein peptides include, for example, protein amino (N)-terminal fragments and carboxyl (C)-terminal fragments. As used herein, “antibody” usually refers to an antibody which reacts with a full-length protein or a fragment thereof.

In addition to obtaining the above-described hybridomas by immunizing non-human animals with an antigen, hybridomas producing a desired human antibody having binding activity with the protein can also be prepared in vitro by sensitizing human lymphocytes, for example, human lymphocytes infected with EB virus, with the protein, cells expressing the protein, or a lysate of those cells, and fusing these sensitized lymphocytes with immortalized human myeloma cells, for example, U266 cells. When an antibody of the present invention is intended to be administered into human bodies (antibody therapy), a human antibody or humanized antibody is preferable to reduce the immunogenicity.

Examples of compounds which are already known to bind to proteins encoded by chromosome stabilization-associated genes include monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies directed to a protein encoded by any of the aforementioned genes.

Compounds which inhibit the expression of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes) of the present invention or inhibit the function (activity) of a protein encoded by the gene may be naturally-occurring or artificial compounds. They are typically compounds which can be produced, obtained, or isolated using a method known to those skilled in the art. Examples of such compounds include single compounds such as organic compounds, inorganic compounds, nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, and sugars, as well as compound libraries, gene library expression products, cell extracts, cell culture supernatants, microbial fermentation products, marine organism extracts, plant extracts, and compounds isolated and purified from the extracts.

The present invention also provides methods of screening for cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agents.

A preferred embodiment of the aforementioned methods of the present invention is a method which uses as an index the binding activity between a protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes), or a partial peptide thereof, and a test compound. Normally, a compound which binds to a protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene, or a partial peptide thereof, is expected to have inhibitory effects on the function of a protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes).

In the aforementioned method of the present invention, a protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes), or a partial peptide thereof, is first contacted with a test compound. The protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene, or partial peptide thereof, can be, for example, in a purified form of the protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene, or partial peptide thereof, or in a form expressed within or outside cells, or in a form bound to an affinity column, depending on the index for detecting its binding to the test compound. Test compounds used in this method can be used after being suitably labeled as necessary. Examples of labels include radioactive labels and fluorescent labels.

In the present method, the binding activity between the protein encoded by the chromosome stabilization-associated gene, or partial peptide thereof, and the test compound, is then measured. Binding activity between the protein encoded by the chromosome stabilization-associated gene, or partial peptide thereof, and the test compound can be measured by, for example, a label attached to the test compound bound to the protein encoded by the chromosome stabilization-associated gene or partial peptide thereof. In addition, binding activity can also be measured using as an index a change in the activity of the protein encoded by the chromosome stabilization-associated gene expressed within or outside cells, or partial peptide thereof, which occurs due to binding of the test compound to the protein or partial peptide thereof.

In the present method, a test compound is then selected which binds to a protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes), or partial peptide thereof.

There is no limitation as to the type of test compound used in the present invention. Such compounds include, but are not limited to, for example, single unmixed compounds of organic compounds, inorganic compounds, nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, sugars, natural compounds, and such; or compound libraries, expression products of gene libraries, cell extracts, cell culture supernatants, products of fermenting microorganisms, marine organism extracts, and plant extracts; and artificially synthesized compounds.

In an alternative embodiment of the screening method of the present invention, first, a test compound is contacted with cells that express a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes), or with a cell extract prepared from such cells. The phrase “cells that express a chromosome stabilization-associated gene” described above includes cells expressing an endogenous chromosome stabilization-associated gene, and cells into which an exogenous chromosome stabilization-associated gene has been introduced and in which that gene is expressed. The cells in which an exogenous chromosome stabilization-associated gene is expressed can typically be prepared by introducing into host cells an expression vector which contains the gene. Those skilled in the art can prepare such an expression vector using routine genetic engineering techniques. In the screening methods of the present invention, cells expressing a chromosome stabilization-associated gene preferably include various tumor cells, for example, MCF7 (breast cancer), A549 (lung cancer), U2OS (osteogenic sarcoma), C33A (cervical cancer), HT1080 (fibrosarcoma), PA-1 (ovarian teratocarcinoma), Tera2 (embryonal carcinoma), T24 (bladder cancer), K562 (chronic myelocytic leukemia), Molt4 (acute lymphoblastic leukemia), AI72 (glioblastoma), HeLa (cervical cancer), HepG2 (hepatic cancer), ACC62 (melanoma), KP4 (pancreas cancer), CaKi-1 (kidney cancer), MKN45 (gastric cancer), LNcap (prostate cancer), MDA-MB435 (breast cancer), EJ 1 (bladder cancer), and OVCAR3 (ovarian cancer).

Typically, but without limitation, a test compound is contacted with cells expressing a chromosome stabilization-associated gene by adding the test compound to a culture medium of the cells expressing the chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes). When the test compound is a protein, the contact can be achieved by introducing into the cells a DNA vector that allows protein expression.

The next step of this method comprises determining the expression level of the chromosome stabilization-associated gene. Herein, the phrase “gene expression” refers to both transcription and translation. The gene expression level can be determined using a method known to those skilled in the art. For example, mRNA can be extracted from cells expressing the chromosome stabilization-associated gene according to a conventional method, and by using this mRNA as a template, the transcriptional level of the gene can be determined using Northern hybridization or RT-PCR. Alternatively, the translational level of the gene can be determined by collecting protein fractions from the cells expressing the chromosome stabilization-associated gene, and then detecting the expression of the protein encoded by the gene using an electrophoresis method such as sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Furthermore, the translational level of the gene can be determined by detecting the expression of the encoded protein by Western blotting analysis using an antibody against the protein. There is no limitation as to the type of antibody used for detecting the protein encoded by the gene, as long as the protein can be detected. Such antibodies include, for example, both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies.

In this method, a compound that it causes a reduction in expression level when compared to the expression level measured in the absence of a test compound (control) is then selected. The compound selected by the above-described procedure is expected to have the action of inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. This compound may be used as a carcinostatic (an anticancer agent) whose mode of action is based on apoptosis induction.

In an alternative embodiment of the screening method of the present invention, a compound that reduces the expression level of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes) of the present invention is selected using a reporter gene.

In this method, a test compound is first contacted with cells (or an extract of those cells) that comprise a DNA having a structure where a reporter gene is operably linked to a transcriptional regulatory region of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes). As used herein, the phrase “operably linked” means that the transcriptional regulatory region of the chromosome stabilization-associated gene is linked to a reporter gene in such a way as to induce reporter gene expression when a transcriptional factor binds to the transcriptional regulatory region of the gene. Thus, even when the reporter gene is connected with another gene and thus forms a fusion protein with that gene product, such a case is included in the meaning of “operably linked”, as long as the expression of the fusion protein is induced when the transcriptional factor binds to the transcriptional regulatory region of the gene. Using a known method and based on the cDNA nucleotide sequence for a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes), those skilled in the art can obtain the transcriptional regulatory region of that gene within the genome.

There is no limitation as to the type of reporter gene used in this method, as long as the expression of the reporter gene can be detected. Such reporter genes include, for example, the CAT gene, lacZ gene, luciferase gene, and GFP gene. The “cells that comprise a DNA having a structure where a reporter gene is operably linked to a transcriptional regulatory region of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene” include, for example, cells into which a vector with a structure where a reporter gene is operably linked to a transcriptional regulatory region of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes) has been introduced. Those skilled in the art can prepare the above-described vector using routine genetic engineering techniques. The introduction of such a vector into cells can be achieved using a conventional method, for example, using calcium phosphate precipitation, electroporation, the lipofectamine method, microinjection, etc. “Cells that comprise a DNA having a structure where a reporter gene is operably linked to a transcriptional regulatory region of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene” also includes cells in which that structure has been inserted into the chromosome. A DNA structure can be inserted into a chromosome by using a method routinely used by those skilled in the art, for example, a random integration or gene transfer method using homologous recombination.

An “extract of cells that comprise a DNA having a structure where a reporter gene is operably linked to a transcriptional regulatory region of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene” includes, for example, a mixture prepared by adding a DNA to a cell extract included in a commercially available in vitro transcription/translation kit, where that added DNA comprises a structure where a reporter gene is operably linked to a transcriptional regulatory region of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes).

In this method, the “contact” can be achieved by adding a test compound into a culture medium of “cells that comprise a DNA having a structure where a transcriptional regulatory region of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene is operably linked to a reporter gene”, or by adding a test compound into the above-described commercially available cell extract, which contains the DNA. However, the method of contact is not limited to the methods described above. When the test compound is a protein, the contact can also be achieved, for example, by introducing into the cells a DNA vector that directs the expression of the protein.

The next step of this method comprises determining the level of reporter gene expression. The expression level of the reporter gene can be determined by a method that depends on the type of the reporter gene and which is known to those skilled in the art. For example, when the reporter gene is the CAT gene, expression level can be determined by detecting the acetylation of chloramphenicol, mediated by the CAT gene product. When the reporter gene is the lacZ gene, expression level can be determined by detecting color development in a chromogenic compound, mediated by the catalytic action of the lacZ gene expression product. When the reporter gene is the luciferase gene, the level can be determined by detecting the fluorescence of a fluorescent compound, mediated by the catalytic action of the luciferase gene expression product. Alternatively, when the reporter gene is the GFP gene, the level can be determined by detecting the fluorescence of the GFP protein.

The next step of this method comprises selecting compounds that reduce reporter gene expression level as compared to expression level determined in the absence of a test compound. The compounds selected by the above-described procedure can be cancer cell-specific apoptosis inducing agents.

Another embodiment of the method of the present invention is a method of screening for compounds by using as an index the activity of a protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes) of the present invention.

In this method, a protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene (for example, any of the aforementioned genes) or cells expressing the protein, or a cell extract thereof, is first contacted with a test compound. Next, the activity of the protein is measured. Examples of the activity of the protein include the functions (activities) indicated in the aforementioned (a) to (r). Those skilled in the art are able to suitably acquire information on the functions (activities) of proteins used as indexes in screening and information on methods for evaluating (measuring) the functions (activities) from, for example, a reference database.

For example, when the protein used as an index is Mcm10, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by detecting the behavior of ARS (autonomously replicating sequences) with two-dimensional electrophoresis (MCB (1997) 3261-3271).

When the protein used as an index is Orc1, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the formation of a complex of Orc1-6 which contains the protein or by detecting a change in the electrophoretic mobility of an Orc1-6 complex in the presence of CaCl₂ (JBC (1998) 273, 32421-32429).

When the protein used as an index is Orc3, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the formation of a complex of Orc1-6 which contains the protein or by detecting Ori-specific binding of the protein (JCB (1998) 273, 32421-32429).

When the protein used as an index is Cdc6, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, using a cell-free DNA replication assay (EMBO (1998) 17, 7219-7229).

When the protein used as an index is Cdt1, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting binding of the protein with Geminin, or by using a cell-free DNA replication assay (Science (2000) 290, 2309-2312).

When the protein used as an index is Geminin, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting DNA replication inhibitory activity using a cell-free DNA replication assay (Cell (1998) 93, 1043-1053).

When the protein used as an index is Mcm3, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the activity of an Mcm2,3,5 complex containing the protein which inhibits the helicase activity of Mcm4,6,7 (JBC (1998) 273, 8369-8375).

When the protein used as an index is Mcm4, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the ssDNA binding activity, ATPase activity, and helicase activity of an Mcm4,6,7 complex containing the protein (JBC (1997) 272, 24508-24513).

When the protein used as an index is Mcm5, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the inhibitory activity on the helicase activity of Mcm4,6,7 by an Mcm2,3,5 complex containing the protein (JBC (1998) 273, 8369-8375).

When the protein used as an index is Mcm6, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the ssDNA binding activity, ATPase activity, and helicase activity of an Mcm4,6,7 complex containing the protein (JBC (1997) 272, 24508-24513).

When the protein used as an index is Mcm7, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the ssDNA binding activity, ATPase activity, and helicase activity of an Mcm4,6,7 complex containing the protein (JBC (1997) 272, 24508-24513).

When the protein used as an index is Mcm8, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting binding between the protein and an Mcm4,6,7 complex (Nucleic Acids Res. (2003) 31, 570-579).

When the protein used as an index is Cdc7, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the phosphorylation activity of the protein using an MCM complex as the substrate (EMBO (1997) 16, 4340-4351).

When the protein used as an index is cdc5, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the transcription activation ability of the protein (JBC (1998) 273, 4666-4671).

When the protein used as an index is Psf1, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the formation of a GINS complex between Psf1-4 containing the protein and Sld5, or by detecting binding of Dpb11, Sld3, and Cdc47 to the Ori sequence by GINS (Genes & Dev. (2003) 17, 1153-1165).

When the protein used as an index is Psf2, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the formation of a GINS complex between Psf1-4 containing the protein and Sld5, or by detecting binding of Dpb11, Sld3, and Cdc47 to the Ori sequence by GINS (Genes & Dev. (2003) 17, 1153-1165).

When the protein used as an index is Psf3, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the formation of a GINS complex between Psf14 containing the protein and Sld5, or by detecting binding of Dpb11, Sld3, and Cdc47 to the Ori sequence by GINS (Genes & Dev. (2003) 17, 1153-1165).

When the protein used as an index is Cdc45, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting binding of the protein to Mcm7 and Pola p70 (Eur. J. Biochem. 265, 936-943).

When the protein used as an index is Pola p180, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the formation of a tetramer composed of Pola p180, p70, p58, and p48 containing the protein, or by detecting the primase or polymerase activity of this complex (Eur. J. Biochem. 222, 781-793).

When the protein used as an index is Pola p70, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the formation of a tetramer composed of Pola p180, p70, p58, and p48 containing the protein, or by detecting the primase or polymerase activity of this complex (Eur. J. Biochem. 222, 781-793).

When the protein used as an index is Pola Spp1 (p58), the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the formation of a tetramer composed of Pola p180, p70, p58, and p48 containing the protein, or by detecting the primase or polymerase activity of this complex (Eur. J. Biochem. 222, 781-793).

When the protein used as an index is RPA70, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the binding of the protein to ssDNA (Nature (1997) 385, 176-181).

When the protein used as an index is RPA34, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting binding of the protein to ssDNA or by using an in vitro replication assay including the protein (JBC (1990) 265, 3177-3182).

When the protein used as an index is PCNA, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, using an in vitro replication assay including the protein (JBC (1990) 265, 3177-3182).

When the protein used as an index is Ligase 1, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, the DNA ligation activity involving the protein (PNAS (1990) 87, 6679-6683).

When the protein used as an index is Pole Pol2, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the DNA synthesis activity of a Pole purified preparation containing the protein (PNAS (1990) 87, 6664-6668).

When the protein used as an index is Pole Dpb3, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the DNA synthesis activity of a purified Pole preparation containing the protein (PNAS (1990) 87, 6664-6668).

When the protein used as an index is Topoisomerase 1, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the relaxing activity of the protein using plasmid DNA as the substrate (PNAS (1988) 85, 2543-2547).

When the protein used as an index is TDP1, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the activity of the protein which liberates a tyrosine residue bound to the 3′ end of ssDNA (Science (1999) 286, 552-555).

When the protein used as an index is FEN1, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the flap structure removal activity using as the substrate double-strand DNA having a 5′-overhanging flap structure (Genomics (1995) 25, 220-225).

When the protein used as an index is Pold P125, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the formation of a heterotetramer by the protein and Pold P68, P50, and P12 (Biochemistry 2002 41(44): 13133-13142).

When the protein used as an index is Pole Dpb4, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the DNA synthesis activity of a purified Pole preparation containing the protein (PNAS (1990) 87, 6664-6668).

When the protein used as an index is DNA2, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting ssDNA binding ability and ATPase activity (PNAS (1995) 92, 7642-7646).

When the protein used as an index is ATR, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, binding the protein to double-strand DNA having a UV-damaged site, or by detecting phosphorylation by the protein using p53 protein as the substrate (PNAS (2002) 99, 6673-6678).

When the protein used as an index is Chk1, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting phosphorylation by the protein using p53 protein as the substrate (Genes Dev. (2000) 14, 289-300).

When the protein used as an index is NBS1, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the formation of a complex of the protein with Mre11/Rad50 in response to DNA damage (Cell (1998) 93, 477-486).

When the protein used as an index is Hus1, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the formation of a complex of the protein with Rad1 and Rad9 in response to DNA damage (JCB (1999) 274, 567-570).

When the protein used as an index is Rad1, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the formation of a complex of the protein with Rad1 and Rad9 in response to DNA damage (JCB (1999) 274, 567-570).

When the protein used as an index is Mad2, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the formation of a complex of the protein and Mad1 (Science 274 (1996) 246-248).

When the protein used as an index is Ctf18, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the formation of a complex of the protein with Ctf8 and Dcc1 (JBC (2003) 30051-30056).

When the protein used as an index is Scc1, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the formation of a 14S cohesin complex of the protein with Smc1, Smc3, and Scc1 (JCB (2000) 151, 749-761).

When the protein used as an index is Scc3, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the formation of a 14S cohesin complex of the protein with Smc1, Smc3, and Scc1 (JCB (2000) 151, 749-761).

When the protein used as an index is UNG, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting glycosylase activity using deoxyuridine in ssDNA as the substrate (EMBO (1989) 8, 3121-3125).

When the protein used as an index is MBD4, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the binding activity of the protein to a methylated CpG sequence (MCB (1998) 18, 6538-6547).

When the protein used as an index is NTH1, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the glycosylase activity and AP lyase activity of the protein (PNAS (1997) 94, 109-114).

When the protein used as an index is NEIL2, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the AP lyase activity of the protein using DNA having a damaged base as the substrate (JBC (2002) 277, 30417-30420).

When the protein used as an index is NEIL3, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the AP lyase activity of the protein using DNA containing an 8-oxo, AP site, and 5-hydroxycytosine as the substrate (Nucleic Acids Res. (2002) 316, 853-866).

When the protein used as an index is APE2, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the AP endonuclease activity of the protein (JMB (2002) 316, 853-866).

When the protein used as an index is PARP1, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the ADP-ribose polymerase activity of the protein on nicked DNA using ADP-ribose as the substrate (JBC (1990) 35, 21907-21913).

When the protein used as an index is PNK, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the polynucleotide kinase activity using oligo(dT) as the substrate (JBC (1999) 274, 24176-24186).

When the protein used as an index is Polb, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the gap-filling polymerase activity of the protein (Biochemistry (1988) 901-909).

When the protein used as an index is MGMT, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting a reaction in which a methyl group is transferred from methylated DNA by the protein (JBC (1990) 265, 14754-14762).

When the protein used as an index is TDG, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the mismatched thymidine-cleaving activity of the protein (JBC (1993) 268, 21218-21224).

When the protein used as an index is MSH2, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting binding of the protein to double-strand DNA containing a mismatch (Cancer Res. (1994) 54, 5539-5542).

When the protein used as an index is PMS1, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting DNA binding ability and ATPase activity of the protein (Nucleic Acids Res. (2003) 31, 2025-2034).

When the protein used as an index is PMS2, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the interaction of the protein with MLH1 (Hum. Mutat. 19, 108-113).

When the protein used as an index is Exonuclease 1, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the exonuclease activity of the protein (Nucleic Acids Res. (1998) 26, 3762-3768).

When the protein used as an index is XPC, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the binding ability of the protein to ssDNA (EMBO (1994) 15, 1831-1843).

When the protein used as an index is Rad23A, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the interaction of its N terminal with the 26S proteasome and binding of its C terminal with Rad4 (Nature (1998) 391, 715-718).

When the protein used as an index is Rad23B, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the interaction of its N terminal with the 26S proteasome and binding of its C terminal with Rad4 (Nature (1998) 391, 715-718).

When the protein used as an index is CSA, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the interaction of the protein with CSB and TFIIH (Cell (1995) 82, 555-564).

When the protein used as an index is CSB, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the DNA-dependent ATPase activity of the protein (JBC (1997) 272, 1885-1890).

When the protein used as an index is XPG, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the endonuclease activity of the protein using a partial duplex having a bubble structure as the substrate (Nature (1994) 371, 423-425).

When the protein used as an index is XPF, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the formation of a complex between the protein and ERCC1, and the endonuclease activity of the protein using DNA having a stem-loop structure as the substrate (Cell (1996) 86, 811-822).

When the protein used as an index is DDB1, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the binding of the protein to UV-irradiated DNA (JBC (1993) 268, 21293-21300).

When the protein used as an index is XAB2, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the interaction of the protein with XPA, CSA, CSB, and RNA polymerase II (JBC (2000) 275, 34931-34937).

When the protein used as an index is DDB2, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the binding activity of the protein to UV-damaged DNA (DNA Repair (2002) 6, 601-616).

When the protein used as an index is Topoisomerase IIIb, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the interaction with RecQ5 helicase (Nucleic Acids Res. (2000) 28, 1647-1655).

When the protein used as an index is Rad51, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the ssDNA-dependent ATPase activity of the protein (JBC (2002) 277, 14417-14425).

When the protein used as an index is Rad51D, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the ssDNA-binding ability of a Rad51B/Rad51C/Rad51D/Xrcc2 complex containing the protein, and detecting the ssDNA-dependent ATPase activity (Genes Dev. (2001) 15, 329-3307).

When the protein used as an index is XRCC2, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the ssDNA-binding ability of a Rad51B/Rad51C/Rad51D/Xrcc2 complex containing the protein, and the ssDNA-dependent ATPase activity (Nature (1999) 401, 397-399).

When the protein used as an index is Rad54, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the DNA-dependent ATPase activity of the protein (Curr. Biol (1996) 6, 828-838).

When the protein used as an index is BRCA1, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of the protein (EMBO J. (2002) 21, 6755-6762).

When the protein used as an index is Ku80, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the binding of the protein to a DNA terminal and the formation of a complex with Ku70 (PNAS (1990) 87, 1777-1781).

When the protein used as an index is XRCC4, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting binding of the protein to Ligase4 and the DNA binding of the protein (Cell (1995) 83, 1079-1089).

When the protein used as an index is Ubc13, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the ubiquitin conjugating activity of the protein (Cell (1999) 96, 645-653).

When the protein used as an index is Rad6A, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the formation of a complex of the protein with Rad18 (PNAS (1991) 88, 8865-8869).

When the protein used as an index is Rad18, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting DNA binding of the protein (Nucleic Acids Res. (2000) 28, 2847-2854).

When the protein used as an index is FBH1, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the helicase activity of the protein (JCB (2002) 277, 24530-24537).

When the protein used as an index is Poli, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the activity of carrying out primer extension from mismatched partial duplex DNA (JBC (2001) 276, 30615-30622).

When the protein used as an index is DUT1, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the dUTPase activity of the protein (J. Biol. Chem. (1996) 271, 7745-7751).

When the protein used as an index is Tin2, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the interaction between the protein and TRF1 (Nat Genet (1999) 23, 405-412).

When the protein used as an index is Sir2, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, a histone deacetylation assay for the protein (Gene (1999) 234, 161-168).

When the protein used as an index is Elg1, the function of the protein can be evaluated by, for example, detecting the formation of a complex of the protein with RFC2, RFC3, RFC4, and RFC5 (EMBO J. (2003) 22, 4304-4313).

When the protein used as an index is TIMELESS, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the formation of a complex of the protein with mammalian clock period proteins (mPERs) (Science (2003) 302, 439-442).

When the protein used as an index is Pif1, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the ATP-dependent helicase activity and DNA-dependent ATPase activity of the protein.

When the protein used as an index is Mms4, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the endonuclease activity of a complex of the protein with Mus81 protein (JBC (2003) 278, 21715-21720).

When the protein used as an index is Topoisomerase IIIa, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the topoisomerase activity of the protein (Nucleic Acids Res. (2002) 30, 4823-4829).

When the protein used as an index is Mus81, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the endonuclease activity of a complex of the protein with Mms4 protein (JBC (2003) 278, 21715-21720).

When the protein used as an index is SIRT1, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the NAD-dependent histone deacetylase of the protein (Nature (2000) 403, 795-800).

When the protein used as an index is ESP1, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the protease activity of the protein (FEBS Lett. (2002) 528, 246-250).

When the protein used as an index is MPG, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the glycosylase activity of the protein (Carcinogenesis (1996) 17, 2177-2182).

When the protein used as an index is Poll, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the DNA polymerase activity of the protein (J Biol Chem. (2000) 275, 31233-31238).

When the protein used as an index is Polm, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the DNA polymerase activity of the protein (J Biol Chem. (2002) 277, 44582-44587).

When the protein used as an index is EndoV, the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the endonuclease activity of the protein.

When the protein used as an index is KNTC2 (NDC80), the function of the protein can be evaluated (measured) by, for example, detecting the formation of a complex of the protein with human Nuf2 protein (Mol Biol Cell. (2005) 16, 519-531).

Next, a compound is selected which lowers the activity of a protein encoded by a chromosome stabilization-associated gene as compared to that measured in the absence of the test compound. Although a protein encoded by the gene used in this method is preferably an unmutated full-length protein, it may be a protein in which a portion of the amino acid sequence has been substituted and/or deleted so long as it has activity equivalent to that of the protein.

The present invention also provides anticancer agents (pharmaceutical compositions for treating cancers) which comprise as an active ingredient a cancer cell-specific apoptosis inducing agent of the present invention.

The present invention also provides methods for producing apoptosis inducing agents or anticancer agents as pharmaceutical compositions. In this method a compound for the cancer cell-specific apoptosis inducing agent is first selected using a screening method of the present invention. Then, the selected compound is combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Such a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can include, but is not limited to, for example, detergents, excipients, coloring agents, flavoring agents, preservatives, stabilizers, buffers, suspensions, isotonizing agents, binders, disintegrating agents, lubricants, fluidizing agents, and correctives. Other conventional carriers can be also used appropriately.

The agents such as apoptosis inducing agents and anticancer agents of the present invention can be formulated by adding the above-indicated carriers as required and according to conventional methods. More specifically, such carriers include: light anhydrous silicic acid, lactose, crystalline cellulose, mannitol, starch, carmellose calcium, carmellose sodium, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, polyvinylacetaldiethylamino acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin, medium chain triglyceride, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil 60, saccharose, carboxymethyl cellulose, cornstarch, and inorganic salts.

The dosage forms for the agents described above include, for example, oral forms, such as tablets, powders, pills, dispersing agents, granules, fine granules, soft and hard capsules, film-coated tablets, pellets, sublingual tablets, and pastes; and parenteral forms, such as injections, suppositories, endermic liniments, ointments, plasters, and liquids for external use. Those skilled in the art can select the optimal dosage form depending on the administration route, subject, and such. Viral vectors such as retrovirus, adenovirus, and Sendai virus vectors, and non-viral vectors such as liposomes, may be used to introduce, into the living body, DNAs expressing proteins encoded by chromosome stabilization-associated genes (for example, the aforementioned genes), or DNAs expressing antisense RNAs, ribozymes, or siRNAs that suppress chromosome stabilization-associated genes. Alternatively, non-viral vectors such as liposomes, polymer micelles, or cationic carriers, may be used to introduce, into the living body, synthetic antisense nucleic acids or synthetic siRNAs that suppress chromosome stabilization-associated genes. The introduction methods include, for example, in-vivo and ex-vivo methods.

The present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising the above-described apoptosis-inducing action.

Ultimately, the dose of an agent or pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be appropriately determined by a physician considering the dosage form, administration method, patient's age, weight, symptoms, etc.

The present invention also relates to methods for inducing apoptosis in desired cancer cells. A preferred embodiment of these methods is a method for inducing apoptosis in cells in which one wishes to induce apoptosis (target cells), comprising a step of administering (contacting) an apoptosis-inducing agent of the present invention to the cells. For example, when the active ingredient of an apoptosis-inducing agent of the present invention is a nucleic acid, that ingredient (the nucleic acid) is preferably introduced into the target cells.

Moreover, the present invention relates to a method for treating cancer comprising a step of administering an apoptosis-inducing agent or anticancer agent of the present invention to an individual (e.g., cancer patient).

The “individual” in the aforementioned treatment method normally refers to a cancer patient, and although there are no particular limitations, it is preferably a human. In general, administration to an individual can be carried out by a method known to those skilled in the art, examples of which include intraarterial injection, intravenous injection, and subcutaneous injection. Although the dosage varies depending on the weight and age of the patient, administration method, and so on, a suitable dosage can be appropriately selected by those skilled in the art. In addition, if the compound can be encoded by DNA, gene therapy can also be carried out by incorporating the DNA in a vector for gene therapy. Examples of vectors for gene therapy include viral vectors such as retroviral vectors, adenoviral vectors, and adeno-associated viral vectors, and non-viral vectors such as liposomes. A desired DNA can be administered to a patient by an ex vivo method or in vivo method using such a vector. In addition, a nucleic acid of the present invention can also be administered directly to an individual.

The present invention also relates to the use of a compound that inhibits chromosome stabilization (for example, a compound which inhibits expression of a gene of the present invention, or inhibits the function of a protein encoded by the gene) for producing an apoptosis-inducing agent or anticancer agent.

All prior art documents cited in the present specification are incorporated herein by reference.

EXAMPLES

The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to Examples, but is not to be construed as being limited thereto.

In the Examples, genes used as “chromosome stabilization-associated genes” are the following 97 genes:

APE2, ATR, BRCA1, Chk1, Cdc5, Cdc6, Cdc7, Cdc45, Cdt1, CSA, CSB, Ctf18, DDB1, DDB2, DNA2, DUT, Elg1, EndoV, Esp1, Exonuclease1, FBH1, FEN1, Geminin, Hus1, KNTC2 (NDC80), Ku80, Ligase1, Mad2, MBD4, Mcm3, Mcm4, Mcm5, Mcm6, Mcm7, Mcm8, Mcm10, MGMT, MLH3, Mms4, MPG, MSH2, Mus81, NBS1, NEIL2, NEIL3, NTH1, Orc1, Orc3, PARP1, PCNA, Pif1, PMS1, PMS2, PNK, Pola p180, Pola p70, Pola Spp1(Prim2a), Polb, Pold p125, Pole Dpb3, Pole Dpb4, Pole Pol2, Poli, Poll, Polm, Psf1, Psf2, Psf3, Rad1, Rad18, Rad23A, Rad23B, Rad51, Rad51D, Rad54, Rad6A, RPA34, RPA70, Scc1, Scc3, Sir2, SIRT1 (Sirtuin), TDG, TDP1, TIMELESS, Tin2, Topoisomerase I, Topoisomerase IIIa, Topoisomerase IIIb, Ubc13, UNG, XAB2, XPC, XPF, XPG, Xrcc2, and XRCC4.

Example 1 Cell Culturing

HeLa (human cervical carcinoma cells) and TIG3 (normal diploid fibroblasts) cells were used as human cultured cells. These human cultured cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% fetal calf serum and 50 μg/ml gentamicin under conditions of 37° C. and 5% CO₂.

Example 2 Study of Chromosome Stabilization-Associated Gene Expression Inhibition's Effects on Cancer Cell Proliferation

siRNA was selected for each of the aforementioned genes for the purpose of studying the effects of chromosome stabilization-associate gene expression inhibition on cancer cell proliferation. Synthesis of siRNA was carried out at Qiagen (Tokyo) and Dhamacon, Inc. (Colorado, USA).

The siRNA sequences for the aforementioned genes are shown in the column entitled “siRNA sequence” of FIGS. 1 to 4. Only the sense strands are shown in the Sequence Listing, and the corresponding antisense strands are omitted. In addition, the “dTdT” sequence of each siRNA sequence is abbreviated as “TT” in the Sequence Listing.

These siRNAs were introduced into human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. More specifically, HeLa cells were inoculated and grown in a 24-well plate 24 hours prior to transfection of siRNA, and then transfection was performed at 20 to 50% confluence. Oligofectamine (Invitrogen) was used as the transfection reagent, and transfection was carried out according to the attached manual. mRNA expression of each gene was quantified by Taqman PCR 48 hours after introduction.

More specifically, total RNA was extracted from the cells 48 hours after transfection of siRNA using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen). The ABI PRISM 7000 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems) was used for quantitative PCR RT-PCR primers and TaqMan probes for each of the aforementioned genes and β-actin gene were purchased from Applied Biosystems. The TaqMan One-Step RT-PCR Master Mix Reagents Kit (Applied Biosystems) was used as the RT-PCR reaction reagents, and RT-PCR was carried out according to the attached manual. Comparative quantifications were carried out using β-actin as a standard.

The expression of each mRNA in cells to which each siRNA was introduced was compared to a value of 100% representing the expression of each mRNA in cells to which the control RNA (NS) was introduced. The siRNA for each gene was found to efficiently inhibit expression of each mRNA as shown in the column entitled “Inhibition of gene expression in HeLa cells” of FIGS. 1 to 4.

Example 3 Survival Rates of HeLa Cells

The siRNA for each of the aforementioned genes selected in Example 2 was respectively introduced into HeLa cells followed by an investigation of the cell survival rates 4 days later by an MTT assay. The number of viable cells 96 hours after introduction was measured using the viable cell measurement reagent SF (Nacalai Tesque).

As a result, prominent decreases in the survival rates were observed in HeLa cells to which siRNA of each of the aforementioned genes was introduced, as shown in the column entitled “MTT assay (HeLa cells)” of FIGS. 1 to 4.

Example 4 Apoptosis-Inducing Effects of siRNA in HeLa Cells

An investigation was made as to whether or not the decreases in survival rates in HeLa cells into which siRNA for each of the aforementioned genes was introduced occurred due to apoptosis. siRNA for each gene was introduced into HeLa cells, and apoptosis induction in the HeLa cells 48 hours after introduction was studied using the TUNEL method.

As a result, apoptosis was observed to be prominently induced in all HeLa cells to which siRNA for each of the aforementioned genes was introduced, as shown in the column entitled “TUNEL method” of FIGS. 1 to 4 and in the photographs of FIGS. 5 to 9. On the other hand, induction of apoptosis was not observed in HeLa cells to which the control RNA (NS) was introduced (upper left panel “Non-specific” in FIG. 5).

Namely, it was revealed that effective induction of apoptosis occurs as a result of inhibiting the expression of each of the aforementioned genes of the present invention.

Example 5 Effects of siRNA on Normal Cell Proliferation

A study was conducted on the effects of siRNA for each of the aforementioned genes on the proliferation of normal cells, human fetal lung-derived diploid fibroblast TIG3 cells. Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) was used as the transfection reagent, and siRNA for each of the aforementioned genes was respectively introduced into TIG3 cells followed by measurement of mRNA expression of each gene by Taqman PCR 48 hours after introduction. In this experiment, expression of each mRNA in TIG3 cells into which each siRNA was introduced was compared to a value of 100% representing the expression of each mRNA in TIG3 cells into which control RNA (NS) was introduced.

As a result, mRNA expression of each of the aforementioned genes in TIG3 cells to which each siRNA was introduced was inhibited considerably as compared with expression of these mRNA in TIG3 cells to which the control RNA (NS) was introduced, as shown in the column entitled “Inhibition of gene expression in TIG3 cells” of FIGS. 1 to 4.

Example 6 Survival Rates of TIG3 Cells

The aforementioned siRNAs were respectively introduced into TIG3 cells followed by an investigation of the cell survival rates 4 days later by MTT assay. As a result, the survival rates of TIG3 cells to which siRNA for each of the aforementioned genes was introduced were comparatively higher than the survival rates of HeLa cells to which the same siRNA was introduced, and there were no prominent decreases in survival rates observed, as shown in the column entitled “MTT assay (TIG3 cells)” of FIGS. 1 to 4.

From these results, it is thought that apoptosis is induced cancer cell-specifically through the inhibition of the expression of genes of the present invention.

Example 7 Analysis of Genome Breakdown Process Using Anti-Single-Strand DNA Antibody

Anti-single-strand DNA (anti-ssDNA) antibody is an antibody which specifically recognizes single-strand DNA. It is said that if the genomic structure of DNA, which are originally composed of double strands, is broken down due to a chromosome destabilization such as DNA damage, a single strand region will be partially exposed. Thus, the use of this antibody makes it possible to specifically recognize and visualize this genome breakdown process.

HeLa cells were inoculated on a slide glass and transfected with siRNA for each of the aforementioned genes. The cells were then fixed in formalin about 30 hours after siRNA introduction, and reacted with anti-ssDNA antibody as the primary antibody. The cells were then observed with a confocal laser microscope using a fluorescent-labeled antibody against the anti-ssDNA antibody as the secondary antibody. As a result, nuclei having single-strand DNA were stained green as shown in FIGS. 10 to 27.

Namely, DNA damage including single-strand DNA formation was confirmed to occur due to inhibition of expression of each of the aforementioned genes.

Example 8 Cell Culturing

The 11 genes indicated below were used as “chromosome stabilization-associated genes” in the following Examples.

Pif1, Mms4, Topoisomerase ma, Mus81, SIRT1 (Sirtuin), Esp1, MPG, Poll, Polm, EndoV, and KNTC2 (NDC80)

In addition to the HeLa cells and TIG3 cells described in Example 1, normal human skin-derived diploid fibroblasts (HDF cells) were used as human cultured cells. Culturing was carried out under the same conditions as Example 1.

Example 9 Study of Chromosome Stabilization-Associated Gene Expression Inhibition's Effects on Cancer Cell Proliferation

siRNA for each of the aforementioned genes was selected for the purpose of studying the effects of inhibition of the expression of the aforementioned 11 chromosome stabilization-associated genes on proliferation of cancer cells. siRNA synthesis was carried out in the same manner as Example 2.

The siRNA sequences of the aforementioned 11 genes are shown in the column entitled “siRNA sequence” of FIGS. 28 to 32. Only the sense strands are shown in the Sequence Listing, and the corresponding antisense strands are omitted.

These siRNAs were introduced into HeLa cells, specifically under the same conditions as described in Example 2. mRNA expression of the aforementioned 11 genes was quantified by Taqman PCR 48 hours after introduction. Quantification was carried out using the same method as Example 2.

The expression of each mRNA in cells to which each siRNA was introduced was compared to a value of 100% representing the expression of each mRNA in cells to which the control RNA (NS) was introduced. The siRNA for each gene was found to have efficiently inhibited expression of each mRNA as shown in the column entitled “Inhibition of gene expression in 40 nM HeLa cells” of FIGS. 28 to 30, the column entitled “mRNA Expression” in HeLa cells of FIG. 31, or the column entitled “Expression” in HeLa cells of FIG. 32.

Example 10 Survival Rate of HeLa Cells

The siRNA for each of the aforementioned 11 genes was respectively introduced into HeLa cells followed by investigation of the cell survival rates by MTT assay 4 days after introduction. The number of viable cells at 96 hours after introduction was measured using viable cell measurement reagent SF (Nacalai Tesque).

As a result, prominent decreases in survival rates were observed in HeLa cells to which siRNA for each of the aforementioned genes was introduced, as indicated in the column entitled “Inhibition of proliferation in 40 nM HeLa cells” of FIGS. 28 to 30, the column entitled “Inhibition of proliferation” in HeLa cells of FIG. 31, or the column entitled “Proliferation” in HeLa cells of FIG. 32.

Example 11 Apoptosis-Inducing Effects of siRNA in HeLa Cells

An investigation was made as to whether or not the decreases in survival rates in HeLa cells to which siRNA for each of the aforementioned 11 genes was introduced occurred due to apoptosis. siRNA for each gene was introduced into HeLa cells, and apoptosis induction in the HeLa cells 48 hours after introduction was studied using the TUNEL method.

As a result, apoptosis was observed to be prominently induced in all HeLa cells to which siRNA for each of the aforementioned genes was introduced, as shown in the column entitled “Apoptosis” in HeLa cells of FIG. 31, the column entitled “Apoptosis” in HeLa cells of FIG. 32, the photographs entitled “HeLa cells” of FIGS. 33 and 34, and the photograph of TUNEL staining of HeLa cells of FIG. 35.

Namely, it was clarified that effective induction of apoptosis occurs as a result of inhibiting the expression of each of the aforementioned genes of the present invention.

Example 12 Effects of siRNA on Normal Cell Proliferation

A study was conducted on the effects of siRNA for each of the aforementioned 11 genes on the proliferation of normal cells, human fetal lung-derived diploid fibroblast TIG3 cells or human skin fibroblast HDF cells. Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) was used as the transfection reagent, and siRNA for each of the aforementioned genes was respectively introduced into the TIG3 cells or HDF cells followed by measurement of mRNA expression of each gene by Taqman PCR 48 hours after introduction. In this experiment, expression of each mRNA in TIG3 cells or HDF cells to which each siRNA was introduced was compared to a value of 100% representing the expression of each mRNA in TIG3 cells or HDF cells to which control RNA (NS) was introduced.

As a result, mRNA expression of each of the aforementioned genes in TIG3 cells or HDF cells to which each siRNA was introduced was inhibited considerably as compared with expression of these mRNA in TIG3 cells or HDF cells to which the control RNA (NS) was introduced, as shown in the column entitled “Inhibition of gene expression in 40 nM TIG3 cells” of FIGS. 28 to 30, the column entitled “mRNA Expression” in HDF cells of FIG. 31, or the column entitled “Expression” in HDF cells of FIG. 32.

Example 13 Survival Rates of TIG3 Cells and HDF Cells

siRNA for each of the aforementioned 11 genes was respectively introduced into TIG3 cells or HDF cells followed by an investigation of the cell survival rates 4 days later by MTT assay. As a result, the survival rates of TIG3 cells or HDF cells to which siRNA for each of the aforementioned genes was introduced were comparatively higher than the survival rates of HeLa cells to which the same siRNA was introduced, and there were no prominent decreases in survival rates observed, as shown in the column entitled “Inhibition of proliferation in 40 nM TIG3 cells” of FIGS. 28 to 30, the column entitled “Inhibition of proliferation” in HDF cells of FIG. 31, or the column entitled “Proliferation” in HDF cells of FIG. 32.

From these results, it is thought that apoptosis is cancer cell-specifically induced through the inhibition of the expression of genes of the present invention.

Example 14 Analysis of Genome Breakdown Process Using Anti-Single-Strand DNA Antibody

HeLa cells were inoculated onto a slide glass and transfected with siRNA for each of the genes of Pif1, Mms4, Topoisomerase IIIa, Mus81, SIRT1 (Sirtuin), Esp1, MPG, Poll, Polm, and EndoV. The cells were then fixed in formalin for about 30 hours after introduction of siRNA, and reacted with anti-ssDNA antibody as the primary antibody. The cells were then observed with a confocal laser microscope using a fluorescent-labeled antibody against the anti-ssDNA antibody as the secondary antibody. As a result, nuclei having single-strand DNA were stained green as shown in FIG. 36.

Namely, DNA damage including single-strand DNA formation was confirmed to occur due to inhibition of expression of each of the aforementioned genes.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The present invention's compounds which inhibit chromosome stabilization in cells or compounds which inhibit the function of a chromosome stabilization-associated gene have an action to induce cancer cell-specific apoptosis. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds are believed to become anticancer agents having apoptosis-induction as the mechanism of action, while also having few adverse side effects. The present invention provides, for the first time, cancer cell-specific anticancer agents which have apoptosis-induction as the mechanism of action and which target chromosome stabilization-associated genes.

Even if certain compounds are found to have an apoptosis-inducing action, it is difficult to use the compounds as pharmaceuticals when their apoptosis-inducing actions in normal cells are unknown. This is because there may be a risk of adverse effects when the compounds have apoptosis-inducing actions in normal cells. In other words, if the compounds have apoptosis-inducing actions not specific to cancer cells, in general, it is practically difficult to use the compounds as pharmaceuticals. Accordingly, the agents (the compounds) of the present invention are very practical and effective because their apoptosis-inducing actions are specific to cancer cells.

The mechanism by which apoptosis is induced cancer cell-specifically by inhibition of chromosome stabilization can be explained in the following manner based on findings of the present inventors.

Numerous cancer cells are known to have mutations or deletions in the cancer suppressor gene p53. In addition, oncogenesis is known to take place in some cases due to the occurrence of an abnormality in a DNA damage checkpoint mechanism. If the expression of functional chromosome stabilizing genes is inhibited by siRNA or the like and their functions are blocked in cancer cells having an abnormality in p53 or a DNA damage checkpoint mechanism, the chromosome stabilization mechanism will fail and it would no longer be possible to repair chromosomal DNA. In such cells, it is thought that apoptosis will be induced due to the residual DNA damage that has not been repaired. On the other hand, it is thought that in normal cells such as diploid fibroblasts, if the expression of functional chromosome stabilizing genes is inhibited by siRNA or the like and their functions are blocked, the cell cycle will be temporarily interrupted by the action of p53 and the DNA damage checkpoint mechanism, thereby enabling damage in chromosomal DNA to be repaired.

In addition to providing cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agents, the present invention provides extremely useful academic findings for elucidating the mechanism of cancer cell-specific apoptosis induction. 

1. A cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent, comprising a compound that inhibits chromosome stabilization.
 2. The apoptosis-inducing agent of claim 1, wherein inhibition of chromosome stabilization is due to the inhibition of any one of the following functions (a) to (r): (a) genes associated with human chromosomal instability disorders, (b) chromosomal DNA replication reaction including initiation of chromosomal DNA replication and progression of replication fork, (c) DNA damage checkpoints, (d) sister chromatid agglutination and separation, (e) base excision repair, (f) mismatch excision repair, (g) nucleotide excision repair, (h) homologous recombination repair, (i) non-homologous end-joining repair (non-homologous recombination repair), (j) double-strand DNA break repair, (k) DNA post-replication repair (DNA damage tolerance), (l) DNA crosslink damage repair, (m) DNA-protein crosslink damage repair, (n) DNA polymerases, (o) nucleases, (p) nucleotide cleansing, (q) chromatin structure maintenance, and (r) telomere structure maintenance.
 3. A cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent, comprising a compound that inhibits expression of a gene involved in any one of the functions of (a) to (r) described in claim
 2. 4. A cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent, comprising as an active ingredient a compound that inhibits expression of any one of the following genes: APE2, ATR, BRCA1, Chk1, Cdc5, Cdc6, Cdc7, Cdc45, Cdt1, CSA, CSB, Ctf18, DDB1, DDB2, DNA2, DUT, Elg1, EndoV, Esp1, Exonuclease1, FBH1, FEN1, Geminin, Hus1, KNTC2 (NDC80), Ku80, Ligase1, Mad2, MBD4, Mcm3, Mcm4, Mcm5, Mcm6, Mcm7, Mcm8, Mcm10, MGMT, MLH3, Mms4, MPG, MSH2, Mus81, NBS1, NEIL2, NEIL3, NTH1, Orc1, Orc3, PARP1, PCNA, Pif1, PMS1, PMS2, PNK, Pola p180, Pola p70, Pola Spp1 (Prim2a), Polb, Pold p125, Pole Dpb3, Pole Dpb4, Pole Pol2, Poli, Poll, Polm, Psf1, Psf2, Psf3, Rad1, Rad18, Rad23A, Rad23B, Rad51, Rad51D, Rad54, Rad6A, RPA34, RPA70, Scc1, Scc3, Sir2, SIRT1 (Sirtuin), TDG, TDP1, TIMELESS, Tin2, Topoisomerase I, Topoisomerase IIIa, Topoisomerase IIIb, Ubc13, UNG, XAB2, XPC, XPF, XPG, Xrcc2, and XRCC4.
 5. The apoptosis-inducing agent of claim 4, wherein nucleotide sequence of each gene described in claim 4 is selected from the group consisting of the nucleotide sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 637 and 810 to
 908. 6. The apoptosis-inducing agent of claim 4, wherein the compound that inhibits expression of any one of the genes described in claim 4 is a double-strand RNA having an RNAi effect on said gene.
 7. The apoptosis-inducing agent of claim 6, wherein the double-strand RNA is a double-strand RNA comprising a sense RNA consisting of a sequence homologous with arbitrary 20 to 30 contiguous bases in an mRNA of any one of the genes described in claim 4, and an antisense RNA consisting of a sequence complementary to said sense RNA.
 8. A cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent, comprising as an active ingredient a DNA able to express a double-strand RNA having an RNAi effect on any one of the genes described in claim
 4. 9. The apoptosis-inducing agent of claim 4, wherein the compound that inhibits expression of any one of the genes described in claim 4 is the following (a) or (b): (a) an antisense nucleic acid against a transcription product of said gene or a portion thereof, or (b) a nucleic acid having ribozyme activity which specifically cleaves a transcription product of said gene.
 10. A cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent comprising as an active ingredient a compound that inhibits the function of a protein encoded by any one of the genes described in claim
 4. 11. The apoptosis-inducting agent of claim 10, wherein the compound that inhibits the function of a protein encoded by any one of the genes described in claim 4 is a compound of any one of the following (a) to (c): (a) a mutant protein having a dominant negative trait with respect to a protein encoded by said gene; (b) an antibody which binds to a protein encoded by said gene; and, (c) a low molecular weight compound that binds to a protein encoded by said gene.
 12. An anticancer agent, comprising as an active ingredient an apoptosis-inducing agent of any one of claims 1 to
 11. 13. A method of screening for a cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent, comprising the following steps (a) to (c): (a) contacting a test compound with a protein encoded by any one of the genes described in claim 4, or a partial peptide of the protein; (b) measuring the binding activity between the protein, or partial peptide thereof, and the test compound; and (c) selecting a compound which binds to the protein encoded by said gene, or the partial peptide of the protein.
 14. A method of screening for a cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent, comprising the following steps (a) to (c): (a) contacting a test compound with a cell that expresses any one of the genes described in claim 4, or a cell extract thereof; (b) measuring the expression level of said gene; and (c) selecting a compound which lowers said expression level as compared to a level measured in the absence of the test compound.
 15. A method of screening for a cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent, comprising the following steps (a) to (c): (a) contacting a test compound with a cell comprising a DNA having a structure in which the transcriptional regulatory region of any one of the genes described in claim 4 is operably linked to a reporter gene, or with a cell extract thereof; (b) measuring the expression level of the reporter gene; and (c) selecting a compound which lowers the expression level as compared to a level measured in the absence of the test compound.
 16. A method of screening for a cancer cell-specific apoptosis-inducing agent, comprising the following steps (a) to (c): (a) contacting a test compound with a protein encoded by any one of the genes described in claim 4, or a cell that expresses said protein, or a cell extract thereof; (b) measuring the activity of the protein; and (c) selecting a compound which lowers the activity of the protein as compared to an activity measured in the absence of the test compound.
 17. A method for producing the apoptosis-inducing agent of claim 4 or 10 as a pharmaceutical composition, comprising the following steps (a) and (b): (a) screening for a compound by a method of any one of claims 13 to 16; and (b) mixing said compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 